Christopher Tyerman - God's War - A New History of the Crusades
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- Название:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
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God's War: A New History of the Crusades: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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The result is a stunning reinterpretation of the Crusades, revealed as both bloody political acts and a manifestation of a growing Christian communal identity. Tyerman uncovers a system of belief bound by aggression, paranoia, and wishful thinking, and a culture founded on war as an expression of worship, social discipline, and Christian charity.
This astonishing historical narrative is imbued with figures that have become legends--Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus. But Tyerman also delves beyond these leaders to examine the thousands and thousands of Christian men--from Knights Templars to mercenaries to peasants--who, in the name of their Savior, abandoned their homes to conquer distant and alien lands, as well as the countless people who defended their soil and eventually turned these invaders back. With bold analysis, Tyerman explicates the contradictory mix of genuine piety, military ferocity, and plain greed that motivated generations of Crusaders. He also offers unique insight into the maturation of a militant Christianity that defined Europe's identity and that has forever influenced the cyclical antagonisms between the Christian and Muslim worlds.
Drawing on all of the most recent scholarship, and told with great verve and authority,
is the definitive account of a fascinating and horrifying story that continues to haunt our contemporary world.
From Publishers Weekly
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman (
), lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500. Abjuring sentimentality and avoiding clichés about a rapacious West and an innocent East, Tyerman focuses on the crusades' very human paradoxes: "the inspirational idealism; utopianism armed with myopia; the elaborate, sincere intolerance; the diversity and complexity of motive and performance." The reader marvels at the crusaders' inextinguishable devotion to Christ even while shuddering at their delight in massacring those who did not share that devotion. In the end, Tyerman says, what killed crusading was neither a lack of soldierly enthusiasm nor its failure to retain control of Jerusalem, but the loss of Church control over civil societies at home and secular authorities who felt that religion was not sufficient cause for war and that diplomacy was a more rational method of deciding international relations.
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience. 16 color illus.
Review
Christopher Tyerman has crafted a superb book whose majestic architecture compares with Runciman's classic study of the Crusades…He is an entertaining as well as reliable guide to the bizarre centuries-long episode in which Western Christianity willfully ignored its Master's principles of love and forgiveness.
--Diarmaid MacCulloch, author of This is a magisterial work. In
, the Crusades are not just emblematic episodes in a troubled history of Europe's encounter with Islam. Tyerman shows that they are, with all their contradictions—tragedy and tomfoolery, idealism and cynicism, piety and savagery—fundamentally and inescapably human.
--Paul M. Cobb, Associate Professor of Islamic History, Fellow of the Medieval Institute, University of Notre Dame
Tyerman's wonderful book is contemporary medieval history-writing at the top of its game. It is also the finest history of the Crusades that anyone has ever written, fully informed by its predecessors and by the excellent scholarship of the past half century. Trenchantly written on the grand scale and full of vivid detail, clear argument, and sharp judgment,
shows how the entire apparatus of crusade became tightly woven into European institutional and social life and consciousness, offering a highly original perspective on all of early European history and on European relations with non-Europeans. It shows no patience with ignorant mythologizing, modern condescension, or cultural instrumentalism.. In short, it constitutes a crusade history for the twenty-first century—and just in time.
--Edward M. Peters, Henry Charles Lea Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania
At a time when interest in the Middle East and the Crusades has reached a new height, Christopher Tyerman has made a significant contribution to the ever-growing shelves of books devoted to this subject. Tyerman's well-written book focuses heavily on the development of ideas about holy war from antiquity onward and on the crusade to the East from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. It is based on a careful reading of both primary and secondary sources and will prove an important resource for a broad audience of scholars, students, and general readers. The comparison with Runciman's history leaps out from the pages of this large volume and the temptation to address it will no doubt seduce others, but this volume is Tyerman through and through.
--James M. Powell, Professor Emeritus of Medieval History, Syracuse University
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman, lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500...
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience.
Challenging traditional conceptions of the Crusades, e.g., the failure to retain Jerusalem, Tyerman believes that it was the weakening of papal power and the rise of secular governments in Europe that finally doomed the crusading impulse. This is a marvelously conceived, written, and supported book.
--Robert J. Andrews
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patriarch of 4, 551, 616, 850
Contarini, Venetian family 181
Cordoba 2, 653, 670
caliphate of 13, 53, 54, 653–7
Corfu, council at (1203) 531, 542, 546, 547, 551
cour de la fronde 213, 232
cour des bourgeois 223, 229, 232
Crac des Chevaliers (Hisn al-Akrad) 150, 197, 198, 345, 403, 721, 813, 820
Cresson, Springs of, battle of (1187) 367
Crete 138, 556
cross, as symbol 63–4, 65, 70–71, 250, 255, 259–60, 279, 293, 375, 384, 389, 421, 480–81, 567, 657, 680, 755, 771–2, 803, 853, 854, 861, 892–3, 896, 908–9
Crown of Thorns, the 556, 558, 762, 783
Crusades
against Albigensians 563–605, 608, 610, 612, 622, 894; atrocities generated by 579–80, 584, 585, 590–93
to Alexandria (1365) 831–4
against Aragon (1285) 898–9
against Balearic Islands 664
in the Baltic 19–20, 168, 292–3, 296, 304–8, 341, 488, 491, 500, 652, 674–712, 756, 834–5, 837
in defence of Belgrade (1456) 837, 844, 866–9
against Bosnians 743, 756
Children’s (1212) 585, 607–11
in Christendom 168, 266, 489, 500, 529, 543, 551–2, 563–605, 623, 666, 756, 818, 834–5, 894–905; opponents of 904–5
communal structures of 93–4, 139, 149, 153, 155, 161, 162, 295, 299–301, 309, 311–12, 314, 327, 414, 420, 467, 510, 530–31, 542, 547, 607–8, 627, 631, 632–3, 644, 761, 763–4, 775–6
confraternities for 776, 878–9
to recover Constantinople 865–6
crusades against crusaders 904
devotional role of 473–4, 477–88, 497–500, 585, 604, 606, 607–11, 620–21, 737–8, 801–2, 803, 825–6, 827, 828–9, 844–5, 857–8, 888–93
against Fra Dolcino 899
of 1100–1101 170–5, 261
of 1107–8 193–4, 246, 258, 259, 261–3, 537
of 1150 336
in England 895–6
as ethnic cleansing 674
to expand Christendom 838, 914
Fifth (1213–21) 606–49, 725, 913; (1227–9) 736–55
First 7–8, 27, 44, 45, 46, 51, 58–164, 258, 483; image of 243–9, 255, 263, 308, 418, 468, 641, 659, 662, 773–4, 802, 829
Fourth 245, 266, 423, 495–560, 584
against Frederick II 762–3, 772, 774–5, 834, 895, 896–8
by Frederick II 736–55
German (1195–8) 488–96
as part of Great Schism 900–901
against Hohenstaufen 805–6, 834, 894, 895, 898
in Hungary (1514) 881–3
against Hussites 835, 862, 902
in Italy 835–6, 851, 895, 898–901
and kingship/nationalism 601, 672–3, 773, 776–7, 783, 794, 813–14, 831, 838, 872, 885, 906–12
and knowledge of wider world 912–15
the last (1684–99) 917
for Latin Constantinople 756, 761–2, 763, 772, 775, 835, 838
of Louis IX (1248) 93, 604, 630, 648, 722, 770–802
of Louis IX (1270) 805–12
to al-Mahdiya (1390) 852–3
against Markward of Anweiler 500, 516, 894
mercenaries on 499–500, 514, 531, 542, 743, 763, 802, 832, 878
of Nicopolis (1396) 836, 847, 851, 852–8
and Orders of Chivalry 855, 859–61, 878
against Ottomans 835–8, 843–74
passim
‘Peasants” 59, 78–81, 94–106
as pilgrimage 65–6, 72–4, 172, 175, 375, 384, 396, 421, 440, 610, 687, 752, 782–3, 811
popular, of 1309 879–80
privileges and vow redemption 63, 64, 67, 74, 258–60, 274–5, 288, 293, 296, 297, 375, 376, 383, 391, 431, 481–6, 567, 583–5, 607–8, 612–17, 621, 622–3, 652, 655, 664, 666, 668, 671, 682, 685, 690–91, 736, 757–8, 769, 776, 778–9, 834–5, 852, 865, 871, 888, 892, 894, 896, 911
against Protestants 902–3
against Russians 756, 835
scope of 834–8
Second 8, 28, 93, 105, 167, 189, 199, 216, 245, 260, 268–338, 341, 345, 384, 418, 665
Shepherds’ (1251) 721, 802–4; (1320) 880–81
social and civil impact of 607–9, 611, 619–20, 671, 679, 736–8, 758, 775, 802–4, 855, 875–88
in Spain 168, 258, 263–4, 293, 304–5, 308–17, 341, 488, 585, 608, 652, 660–73, 834, 838
taxation for 276–7, 297, 298, 381, 389–91, 424, 482, 487, 490, 499–500, 508, 586, 600–601, 617, 631–2, 691, 697, 743, 747, 757, 778–9, 808–9, 814–16, 830, 831, 832, 837, 865, 871, 878, 888, 896, 897, 900, 905
Third 18, 93, 105, 245, 260, 290, 354, 375–474, 483, 484
of 1239–41 755–69
of Varna 847, 862–3
Venetian (1122–5) 265–6, 515–16
women and 295, 396–7, 415, 420, 428, 483, 486, 619, 621, 736, 802
Cyprus 52, 53, 135, 138, 145, 195, 781, 817, 826, 834, 837
conquest of (1191) 436, 443–6, 448, 473, 532, 535
Frankish rule in 716–33 passim
Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, patriarch of Jerusalem 63, 161, 178, 201
Damascus 12, 187, 188, 254, 264, 267, 268, 272, 330–35, 344, 346, 353
Damietta 349, 629–49 passim, 736, 784, 787–9, 792, 794–5, 797
Danishmends, Turkish tribe 11, 127, 128, 129–30, 173–4, 190, 195, 201
Dante Inferno 351
Dartmouth, crusade muster point 295, 296, 298, 299, 308–9, 311, 414, 436, 627
Demmin 307, 680
Devol, treaty of (1108) 193–4, 262
Dhuoda of Septimania 37
Diego Gelmirez, archbishop of Compostela 263, 664
Diego, bishop of Osma 581, 615
Dirgham, Egyptian vizier 347–8
Dobin 306, 680
Dobrin (Dobryzn), Knights of 257, 686, 704
Dolcino, Piedmontese heretic 899
Domenico Michiel, doge of Venice 265–6
Dominic Guzman, founder of Dominicans 581, 615
Dominicans, Order of Preachers 487, 581, 602, 705, 736–7, 756, 775, 777, 811
Dorylaeum, battle of (1097) 73, 84, 93, 117, 129–30, 140, 148; (1147) 317, 320
Dream of the Rood , The 39
Drogo of Nesle 107
Duqaq of Damascus 128, 138
Duodechin of Lahnstein 299
Durazzo (Durres) 12, 108, 112, 113, 115, 118, 193, 262–3, 290, 537
Dyle, river, battle of 38
Ecry-sur-Aisne, tournament at (1199) 502–3, 504
Edessa 59, 126, 129, 145, 149, 158, 189, 202, 330
principality of 134, 178, 185–9, 190, 331
fall of (1144) 268–9, 273–5
Edmund, king of East Anglia, saint 41, 624
Edmund Crouchback, earl of Lancaster 809, 810, 898
Edward I, king of England 722, 814, 818, 909
on crusade 720, 731, 808–10, 812–13
Edward II, king of England 829–30
Edward III, king of England 830, 886, 909
Edward IV, king of England 887
Edward VI, king of England, Prayer Books of 893, 903
Egypt, Egyptians 22, 155, 175, 342, 344, 360
Fatimid caliphate of 1–2, 12, 53, 124, 125–8, 129, 135, 136, 137, 140, 141, 149, 152, 153, 177, 181, 202, 203, 225, 346–9, 352
Fifth Crusade and 628–49
target of crusades 461, 469, 473, 509, 511, 512–13, 515, 521, 524, 540, 542, 551, 648, 789–90, 799–800, 802, 810
attacked by Louis IX 784–802
wars over in 1160s 346–9
Ekkehard of Aura, chronicler 104, 174, 243
Eleanor, duchess of Aquitaine, queen of France and England 280, 295, 319, 331, 335–6, 442
Elias of Périgord, Cardinal Talleyrand 832
Elijigidei, Mongol general 785–6
Elizabeth I, queen of England 902, 903
Embriaco, Genoese family, rulers of Gibelet/Jubail 181, 198, 728–9, 732
Emeric, king of Hungary 510, 527, 626
Emich, count of Flonheim 80, 95–6, 100–105, 108
Engelbert of Tournai 155
England, kingdom of 18–20, 205, 206, 395–7
English 61, 140, 153, 308–17, 336, 395–6, 623–5, 708–9, 744–5, 786–7, 788, 820
Enrico Dandolo, doge of Venice 512, 513, 515, 526–33, 542, 550–51, 555
Ephesus 325–6
Ephraim, rabbi of Bonn 106, 283–4
Erard of Valéry, crusader 814
Erdmann, Carl 35, 68
Eric I, king of Denmark 251
Eric IV, king of Denmark 696
Eric IX, king of Sweden and saint 697, 908
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