Christopher Tyerman - God's War - A New History of the Crusades
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- Название:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
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The result is a stunning reinterpretation of the Crusades, revealed as both bloody political acts and a manifestation of a growing Christian communal identity. Tyerman uncovers a system of belief bound by aggression, paranoia, and wishful thinking, and a culture founded on war as an expression of worship, social discipline, and Christian charity.
This astonishing historical narrative is imbued with figures that have become legends--Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus. But Tyerman also delves beyond these leaders to examine the thousands and thousands of Christian men--from Knights Templars to mercenaries to peasants--who, in the name of their Savior, abandoned their homes to conquer distant and alien lands, as well as the countless people who defended their soil and eventually turned these invaders back. With bold analysis, Tyerman explicates the contradictory mix of genuine piety, military ferocity, and plain greed that motivated generations of Crusaders. He also offers unique insight into the maturation of a militant Christianity that defined Europe's identity and that has forever influenced the cyclical antagonisms between the Christian and Muslim worlds.
Drawing on all of the most recent scholarship, and told with great verve and authority,
is the definitive account of a fascinating and horrifying story that continues to haunt our contemporary world.
From Publishers Weekly
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman (
), lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500. Abjuring sentimentality and avoiding clichés about a rapacious West and an innocent East, Tyerman focuses on the crusades' very human paradoxes: "the inspirational idealism; utopianism armed with myopia; the elaborate, sincere intolerance; the diversity and complexity of motive and performance." The reader marvels at the crusaders' inextinguishable devotion to Christ even while shuddering at their delight in massacring those who did not share that devotion. In the end, Tyerman says, what killed crusading was neither a lack of soldierly enthusiasm nor its failure to retain control of Jerusalem, but the loss of Church control over civil societies at home and secular authorities who felt that religion was not sufficient cause for war and that diplomacy was a more rational method of deciding international relations.
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience. 16 color illus.
Review
Christopher Tyerman has crafted a superb book whose majestic architecture compares with Runciman's classic study of the Crusades…He is an entertaining as well as reliable guide to the bizarre centuries-long episode in which Western Christianity willfully ignored its Master's principles of love and forgiveness.
--Diarmaid MacCulloch, author of This is a magisterial work. In
, the Crusades are not just emblematic episodes in a troubled history of Europe's encounter with Islam. Tyerman shows that they are, with all their contradictions—tragedy and tomfoolery, idealism and cynicism, piety and savagery—fundamentally and inescapably human.
--Paul M. Cobb, Associate Professor of Islamic History, Fellow of the Medieval Institute, University of Notre Dame
Tyerman's wonderful book is contemporary medieval history-writing at the top of its game. It is also the finest history of the Crusades that anyone has ever written, fully informed by its predecessors and by the excellent scholarship of the past half century. Trenchantly written on the grand scale and full of vivid detail, clear argument, and sharp judgment,
shows how the entire apparatus of crusade became tightly woven into European institutional and social life and consciousness, offering a highly original perspective on all of early European history and on European relations with non-Europeans. It shows no patience with ignorant mythologizing, modern condescension, or cultural instrumentalism.. In short, it constitutes a crusade history for the twenty-first century—and just in time.
--Edward M. Peters, Henry Charles Lea Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania
At a time when interest in the Middle East and the Crusades has reached a new height, Christopher Tyerman has made a significant contribution to the ever-growing shelves of books devoted to this subject. Tyerman's well-written book focuses heavily on the development of ideas about holy war from antiquity onward and on the crusade to the East from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. It is based on a careful reading of both primary and secondary sources and will prove an important resource for a broad audience of scholars, students, and general readers. The comparison with Runciman's history leaps out from the pages of this large volume and the temptation to address it will no doubt seduce others, but this volume is Tyerman through and through.
--James M. Powell, Professor Emeritus of Medieval History, Syracuse University
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman, lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500...
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience.
Challenging traditional conceptions of the Crusades, e.g., the failure to retain Jerusalem, Tyerman believes that it was the weakening of papal power and the rise of secular governments in Europe that finally doomed the crusading impulse. This is a marvelously conceived, written, and supported book.
--Robert J. Andrews
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Eric XI, king of Sweden 697
Erlembald of Milan 47
Esbern, brother of Absolon, archbishop of Lund 681
Eskil, archbishop of Lund 305
Establissement dou roi Baudoin 206
Estonia 677, 681, 682, 685, 688–9, 692, 693, 694–6, 698, 705–6
Etampes, assembly at (1147) 276, 290, 291
Eugenius III, pope 260, 273–5, 281, 289, 293, 304, 318, 336, 337, 665
bull Quantum praedecessores 274–5, 278, 285, 296
Eusebius of Caesarea 33
Eustace III, count of Boulogne 59, 108–9, 116, 207
Eustace Garnier, lord of Caesarea and Sidon 220
Everard III of Le Puiset, viscount of Chartres 249
Everard of Barres, Templar 327
Evesham, battle of (1265) 896, 908
Excalibur, sword 451
Fakhr al-Din, Egyptian emir and diplomat 745–6, 749, 753, 787–8, 789, 790, 792
Fellin 685
Ferdinand I, king of Leon-Castile 658–9
Ferdinand II, king of Aragon 671, 910, 914
Ferdinand III, king of Leon-Castile 670, 908
Field of Blood, battle of (1119) 187, 191, 265, 271, 371
finance 27, 76, 78, 85–6, 103, 108, 116, 139, 149, 179, 276–7, 290, 297–8, 331, 389–99, 418, 423–4, 432–7, 441, 444, 450, 452, 483, 485, 487, 489–90, 498–9, 503–8, 512–14, 517, 525–8, 533, 540, 546–7, 553, 586, 607, 616–17, 631–2, 722–3, 736, 742–5, 757–8, 763–4, 765, 769, 777–82, 798, 807, 808–9, 813, 828, 899–900
Finland 685, 697–8
Firuz of Antioch 114, 142
Flanders, county of, Flemish 17, 62, 64, 67, 72, 82, 308–17, 453
Florence, General Council of the Church at (1439) 849–50, 862
Folkwin, master of Swordbrothers of Livonia 693
France, kingdom of 15–18, 42
Francis I, king of France 873
Francis of Assisi 630, 638
Franciscans, Order of Friars Minor 487, 705, 756, 777, 826
Franco, Francisco, General, dictator 673
Frankfurt, Diet of (1147) 288, 292–3, 304, 305, 489, 679
Frederick, duke of Swabia 398, 426, 427–30
Frederick I Barbarossa, duke of Swabia, king of Germany, emperor 245, 288, 293, 335, 342, 377, 389, 394, 397–8, 434, 439, 537
on Third Crusade 403, 409, 413, 414, 417–28, 430, 431, 550
Frederick II, king of Germany and Sicily, emperor 493, 606–7, 612, 615, 616, 625, 626, 627, 630, 632, 633, 641, 643, 644, 646, 647–8, 699–700, 704, 716, 724, 725–6, 736, 756, 760, 765, 768, 780, 785, 897–8
his crusade 736, 738–55
Frederick III, king of Germany, emperor 865
Frederick von Hausen 426
Frisia, Frisians 82, 398, 412, 636
Froissart, John, poet and chronicler 856, 857
Fulcher, brother of the vidame of Chartres 95, 109
Fulcher of Chartres, chronicler 86, 106–7, 134, 161, 177, 181, 202, 214–15, 222, 227, 240, 258
Fulk, patriarch of Jerusalem 167, 330
Fulk V, count of Anjou, king of Jerusalem 188, 195, 197, 206–8, 220, 230, 249, 252, 254, 256, 258, 259. 264, 268, 330
Fulk of Guines 221
Fulk of Marseilles, bishop of Toulouse 575, 577, 585
Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou 43, 252
Fulk of Neuilly, evangelist 497–500, 502, 503–4, 508, 588, 615
Fulk le Rechin (the Sour), count of Anjou 63, 72
Gaimar, poet 246
Galilee, principality of 178, 179, 197, 205, 220, 221, 355
Gaston, bishop of Cahors 63, 73
Gaston IV, viscount of Béarn, engineer 155
Gaza, battle of (1239) 766, 767, 768
Gelasius II, pope 250
Genghis Khan 641
Genoa, Genoese 55, 85, 155, 156, 170, 179–81, 197, 198, 238, 304, 316, 389, 402, 424, 433, 437, 440, 441, 450, 461, 465, 511, 513, 516, 619, 631, 665, 718, 726, 727–8, 738, 780–81, 787, 789, 796, 808, 817, 837, 838, 845, 847, 851, 852–3, 914
Geoffrey, abbot of Vendôme 64, 74
Geoffrey, count of Anjou 195, 207
Geoffrey of Asch 231–2
Geoffrey Chaucer and his Knight 708, 833, 905
Geoffrey FitzPeter, English justiciar 395, 485
Geoffrey of Lusignan 403, 454
Geoffrey of Monmouth, writer 250
Historia Regum Brittaniae 250
Geoffrey of Rancon 294, 295, 326
Geoffrey of Sergines, bailli of Jerusalem 722, 727
Geoffrey of Signes 27
Geoffrey of Thoisy 859, 861
Geoffrey of Villehardouin, crusader and chronicler 495, 498, 499, 504, 505, 510–11, 514, 516, 517–20, 525–33, 535, 542–3, 551–2, 556
George, count of Weid 627–8
George Brancovic, ruler of Serbia 862
George Dozsa, crusader rebel 882
Gerald of Nazareth, bishop of Lattakiah, writer 231, 236
Gerald of Wales 385–8, 395, 396, 479
Journey through Wales 385 et seq. Gerard of Avesnes 221
Gerard of Ridefort, master of Templars 359, 367, 371, 405, 411
Gerhoh of Reichersberg, chronicler 247
Gerold, patriarch of Jerusalem 747, 750, 752, 754
Gervase, sacrist of Canterbury, chronicler 393, 434
Gesta Francorum , account of First Crusade 244–5, 246
author of 92
Geza, king of Hungary 289, 318, 321
Ghibellines 898
see also Guelph
Ghillebert de Lannoy, courtier and spy 859, 860
Gibbon, Edward 846
Gil Albornoz, legate 900
Gilbert of Garlande 107
Gilbert of Hastings, bishop of Lisbon 316
Gilbert of Mons, chronicler 473
Gilbert of Tournai, OFM 815
Gisors, crusade meeting at (1188) 377–8, 381, 392, 394, 397, 409, 431
God, Peace and Truce of 43–4, 48, 56, 64, 613, 660
Godehilde of Tosni 109, 202
Godfrey, bishop of Würzburg 377, 383, 386
Godfrey of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine 48, 59, 60, 77, 78, 94, 103, 108–10, 111, 113, 114–15, 119, 130, 131, 137, 142, 150–52, 155–7, 159–62, 168, 178, 201, 202, 216, 221, 232, 308, 716, 826, 845, 887
Godfrey of Esch 109
Godfrey of Lower Lorraine 48
Godfrey of St Omer, founder of Templars 254
Godfrey Burel of Etampes 94–5, 97, 99
Godfrey de la Roche, bishop of Langres 277, 295, 297, 322, 323
Godric of Finchale, hermit 259
Golden Fleece, Order of 859–61
goose, from Cambrai, crusade leader 88
Gormond, patriarch of Jerusalem 214, 515–16
Gottschalk, crusade leader 80, 95, 96, 99
Göttweig, abbey of 32
Granada, capture of (1492) 655, 672, 910
Gratian of Bologna, Decretum of 258
Gregory I, pope 28
Gregory III, pope 5
Gregory IV, Armenian Catholicos 420–21
Gregory VII, pope 7–8, 44, 47–50, 55, 56, 61, 67, 73, 75, 126, 569, 571, 659, 660
his Militia Sancti Petri 47, 48
plan to help Byzantium 49–50, 74
Gregory VIII, pope 374, 380, 482
bull Audita Tremendi (1187) 374, 375–7, 380, 386, 391, 392, 484
Gregory IX, pope 620, 648, 688, 700, 736, 739–40, 747, 755, 756–8, 760–62, 769, 835, 897
Gregory X, pope 706, 721, 722, 812–13, 814–16, 905
Gregory XI, pope 889, 905
Guelph 898
see also Ghibellines
Guibert of Nogent, writer 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 96, 214, 243, 245, 246
Guigo, abbot of Chartreuse 255–6
Guillaume Dufay, composer 860
Guillaume de Machaut, poet and musician 833
Guillaume le Veneur 259
Guillermus of Cormery, expatriate chaplain 83
Gunther of Pairis, writer 245, 479, 498, 532, 540, 557
Guy, abbot of Les Vaux de Cernay 503, 529, 532, 542, 584, 586
Guy of Beirut 334
Guy of Florence, cardinal of St Grisogono 295
Guy of Hauteville 77, 114
Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem 209, 211, 354, 359–72, 405–11, 415, 416, 429, 444, 450, 454, 457, 460, 465, 490
Guy of Signes 27
Guy of Vigevano, doctor, slug recipe of 828
Guyuk, Mongol Khan 785–6
Hadrian IV, pope 336, 481
Haifa 153, 179, 511
al-Hakim, mad caliph of Egypt 55
Hamdan ibn Abd al-Rahmin, doctor and chronicler 192
Hamo l’Estrange, lord of Beirut 728–9
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