Hiroshi Ashihara - Plant Nucleotide Metabolism

10 Part VIII: Other Nucleotide-Related Metabolites 22 Sugar Nucleotides22.1 Introduction 22.2 The Sugar Nucleotide Moiety 22.3 Enzymes of Sugar Nucleotide Biosynthesis 22.4 Localization of UDP-Glucose-Producing Enzymes 22.5 UDP-Glucose-Interconversion 22.6 Other Metabolites 22.7 Summary References 23 Cytokinins23.1 Introduction 23.2 Adenosine Phosphate-Isopentenyl Formation 23.3 trans -Zeatin Phosphate Synthesis 23.4 Formation of Cytokinin Bases 23.5 Effect of Nucleotide Enzymes in Cytokinins 23.6 New Purine-Related Plant Growth Regulators 23.7 Summary References

11 Part IX: Dietary Plant Alkaloids, Their Bioavailability, and Potential Impact on Human Health 24 Bioavailability and Potential Impact on Human Health of Caffeine, Theobromine, and Trigonelline24.1 Caffeine 24.2 Theobromine 24.3 Trigonelline 24.4 Summary References

12 Index

13 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Nomenclature and abbreviations of purine and pyridine ribo- and...

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Concentration of nucleotides in plant cells and tissues. Table 2.2 Concentration of nucleosides and nucleobases in plant cells and... Table 2.3 Concentrations of NAD +, NADH, NADP +, and NADH in Arabid ...

3 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Enzymes involved in the conversion of nucleoside mono-, di- and... Table 3.2 5-Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate PRPP-utilizing enzymes in plan...

4 Chapter 4 Table 4.1 Summary of enzymes involved in the purine biosynthesis de novo i...

5 Chapter 5 Table 5.1 Profile of activity of enzymes involved in purine salvage in gr... Table 5.2 Properties of the native and recombinant adenine phosphoribosyl... Table 5.3 Properties of the native and recombinant adenosine kinase (AK) ... Table 5.4 Properties of the native nucleoside phosphotransferase (NPT) fr...

6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Summary of enzymes involved in the purine interconversion in pl...Table 6.2 Properties of plant AMP deaminase (AMPD), guanosine deaminase (...Table 6.3 Properties of the native adenosine nucleosidase (ARN), inosine/...Table 6.4 Properties of plant nucleosidases.Table 6.5 Plant materials used for in situ 14C-purine tracer experiments. U...Table 6.6 Metabolic fate of [8- 14C]adenine (A), adenosine (AR), guanine (...Table 6.7 Metabolic fate of [8- 14C]adenine (A), adenosine (AR), guanine (...Table 6.8 Metabolic fate of [8- 14C]deoxyladenosine (AdR) and deoxyguanosi...

7 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Summary of enzymes involved in allantoin formation from xanthin...Table 7.2 Summary of enzymes involved in the allantoate catabolism in pla...

8 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Summary of enzymes involved in the pyrimidine biosynthesis de no ...Table 8.2 Summary of enzymes involved in thymidine nucleotide biosynthesi...

9 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Profile of activity of enzymes involved in pyrimidine salvagein...Table 9.2 Properties of the native and recombinant uracil phosphoribosylt...Table 9.3 Properties of the recombinant thymidine kinase (TK) and deoxynu...

10 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Profile of activity of enzymes involved in pyrimidine intercon...Table 10.2 Properties of a native and recombinant cytidine deaminases, na...Table 10.3 Plant materials used for overall in situ 14C-pyrimidine tracer e...Table 10.4 Metabolic fate of [2- 14C]pyrimidine bases and ribonucleosides ...Table 10.5 Metabolic fate of [2- 14C]deoxyribonucleosides in growing potat...

11 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Summary of enzymes involved in the reductive pathway of pyrimi...

12 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Plant materials used for physiological nucleotide metabolism s...

13 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Plant materials used for environmental factors of nucleotide m...Table 13.2 Comparison of nucleotide content in fresh and wounded slices o...Table 13.3 Relative transcript levels, activities of enzymes, and in situ ...

14 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Occurrence of purine alkaloids in the plant kingdom.Table 14.2 Purine alkaloid content of the leaves of Camellia species. The ...Table 14.3 Endogenous levels of metabolites of purine alkaloids in Camelli ...Table 14.4 Purine alkaloid content of seeds of Coffea species.Table 14.5 Changes in caffeine contents in pericarp (or whole fruits) and...Table 14.6 Endogenous levels of metabolites of purine alkaloids in cacao ...Table 14.7 Endogenous levels of metabolites of purine alkaloids in cacao ...Table 14.8 Occurrence of purine alkaloids in different organs of guaraná.Table 14.9 Occurrence of purine alkaloids in different organs of Citrus sp...

15 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Summary of enzymes involved in caffeine biosynthesis in plants...Table 15.2 Seasonal changes in the levels of three N -methyltransferases of...Table 15.3 Native and recombinant 7-methylxanthosine synthase from tea an...Table 15.4 Substrate specificity of N -methylnucleosidase and adenosine nuc...Table 15.5 Comparison of substrate specificity of native and recombinant ...Table 15.6 Comparison of substrate specificity of recombinant theobromine...Table 15.7 Example of the motif B′-methyltransferase family enzymes.

16 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Purine alkaloid biosynthesis in different organs of tea ( Camel ...Table 16.2 Biosynthesis of theobromine (Tb) and caffeine (Cf) from [8- 14C...Table 16.3 Biosynthesis of purine alkaloids from [8- 14C]adenine in differ...Table 16.4 Biosynthesis of purine alkaloids from [8- 14C]purine bases and ...Table 16.5 Biosynthesis of purine alkaloids from 14C-labelled precursors i...Table 16.6 Effective caffeine dose for biological activity.

17 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Summary of the metabolism of [8- 14C]theophylline by young, mat...Table 17.2 Summary of the metabolism of [8- 14C]theophylline by young, mat...Table 17.3 Transgenic plants using genes involved in caffeine biosynthesi...

18 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Summary of enzymes involved in pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthe...

19 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Profiles of activities of enzymes involved in the pyridine nuc...

20 Chapter 20Table 20.1 Occurrence of pyridine alkaloids in plants.

21 Chapter 21Table 21.1 Changes in trigonelline (Tg) content (μmol part −1) and i...Table 21.3 Metabolic fate of [carboxyl- 14C]nicotinate (10 μM) in cotyledo...Table 21.2 Changes in fresh weight (mg) and trigonelline content (nmol) i...Table 21.4 Changes in the activities of trigonelline synthase and nicotin...

22 Chapter 22Table 22.1 Sugar nucleotides in plants.Table 22.2 UDP-glucose and other sugar nucleotides in plants.Table 22.3 Substrates and Km values of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase.Table 22.4 Substrates and Km values of UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase.Table 22.5 Substrates and Km and Vmax values of sucrose synthase.Table 22.6 Subcellular location of plant UDPG producing three enzymes.

23 Chapter 24Table 24.1 Levels of caffeine in espresso coffees purchased from 20 coffe...Table 24.2 Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of trigonelline and 1-methyl...

1 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 The major pathways of de novo biosynthesis of purine, pyrimidine ... Figure 3.2 The tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle in plants. (1) Pyruvate dehy... Figure 3.3 Glycolysis in plants. (1) Hexokinase; (2) phosphoglucoisomerase; ... Figure 3.4 Reactions involved in the substrate level ATP production and cons... Figure 3.5 Photosynthetic Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle. (1) Ribulose bisphosp... Figure 3.6 Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. (1) Glucose-6-phosphate dehy... Figure 3.7 Conversion of nucleoside mono-, di- and triphosphates. (1) ATP sy... Figure 3.8 Nitrate reduction and assimilation of ammonia in plants. Enzymes ... Figure 3.9 Outline of amino acids biosynthesis in plants. DAHP, 3-deoxy-D-ar...

2 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis. Abbreviations of metabolites ...