George Acquaah - Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding

1 Cover

2 Preface

3 Acknowledgments

4 Industry highlights boxes

5 Industry highlights boxes: Authors

6 Section 1: Overview and historical perspectives 1 Introduction 1.1 What is plant breeding? 1.2 The goals of plant breeding 1.3 The concept of genetic manipulation of plant attributes 1.4 Why breed plants? 1.5 Overview of the basic steps in plant breeding 1.6 How have plant breeding objectives changed over the years? 1.7 The art and science of plant breeding 1.8 Training of plant breeders 1.9 The plant breeding industry 1.10 Duration and cost of plant breeding programs 1.11 The future of plant breeding in society 1.12 The organization of the book Key references and suggested reading Internet resources for reference Outcomes assessment 2 History of plant breeding 2.1 Origins of agriculture and plant breeding 2.2 The “unknown breeder” 2.3 Plant manipulation efforts by the early civilizations 2.4 Early pioneers of the theories and practices of modern plant breeding 2.5 Later pioneers and trailblazers 2.6 History of plant breeding technologies/techniques 2.7 Genome‐wide approaches to crop improvement 2.8 Bioinformatics and OMICs technologies in crop improvement 2.9 Summary of changes in plant breeding over the last half century 2.10 Achievements of modern plant breeders Key references and suggested reading Internet resources Outcomes assessment

7 Section 2: Population and quantitative genetic principles 3 Introduction to concepts of population genetics 3.1 Concepts of a population and gene pool 3.2 Issues arising from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium 3.3 Factors affecting changes in gene frequency 3.4 Frequency dependent selection 3.5 Summary of key plant breeding applications 3.6 Modes of selection 3.7 Effect of mating system on selection 3.8 Concept of inbreeding 3.9 Inbreeding and its implications in plant breeding 3.10 Concept of population improvement 3.11 Types Key references and suggested reading Internet resources Outcomes assessment 4 Introduction to quantitative genetics 4.1 What is quantitative genetics? 4.2 Quantitative traits 4.3 The genetic architecture of quantitative traits 4.4 Systems genetics 4.5 Predicting breeding value 4.6 Genomic selection (genome‐wide selection) 4.7 Mapping quantitative traits Key references and suggested reading Internet resources Outcomes assessment

8 Section 3: Reproductive systems 5 Introductionto reproduction 5.1 Importance of mode of reproduction to plant breeding 5.2 Overview of reproductive options in plants 5.3 Types of reproduction 5.4 Sexual reproduction 5.5 What is autogamy? 5.6 Genotype conversion programs 5.7 Artificial pollination control techniques 5.8 What is allogamy? 5.9 Mendelian concepts relating to the reproductive system 5.10 Complex inheritance Key references and suggested reading Outcomes assessment 6 Hybridization 6.1 Concept of gene transfer and hybridization 6.2 Applications of crossing in plant breeding 6.3 Artificial hybridization 6.4 Artificial pollination control techniques 6.5 Flower and flowering issues in hybridization 6.6 Emasculation 6.7 Pollination 6.8 Number of F1 crosses to make 6.9 Genetic issues in hybridization 6.10 Types of populations generated through hybridization 6.11 Wide crosses 6.12 Issue of reproductive isolation barriers 6.13 Overcoming challenges of reproductive barriers 6.14 Bridge crosses Key references and suggested reading Internet resources Outcomes assessment 7 Clonal propagation and in vitro culture 7.1 What is a clone? 7.2 Clones, inbred lines, and pure lines 7.3 Categories of clonally propagated species based on economic use 7.4 Categories of clonally propagated species for breeding purposes 7.5 Types of clonal propagation 7.6 Importance of clonal propagation in plant breeding 7.7 Breeding implications of clonal propagation 7.8 Genetic Issues in Clonal Breeding 7.9 Breeding approaches used in clonal species 7.10 Natural propagation 7.11 In vitro culture 7.12 Micropropagation 7.13 Concept of totipotency 7.14 Somaclonal variation 7.15 Apomixis 7.16 Other tissue culture applications 7.17 Production of haploids 7.18 Germplasm preservation Key references and suggested reading Internet resources Outcomes assessment

9 Section 4: Germplasm for breeding 8 Variation: types, origin, and scale 8.1 Classifying plants 8.2 Rules of classification of plants 8.3 Operational classification systems 8.4 Types of variation among plants 8.5 Origins of genetic variability 8.6 Biotechnology for creating genetic variability 8.7 Scale of variability Key references and suggested reading Outcomes assessment 9 Plant domestication 9.1 The concept of evolution 9.2 What is domestication? 9.3 Evolution versus domestication 9.4 Conscious selection versus unconscious selection 9.5 Patterns of plant domestication 9.6 Centers of plant domestication 9.7 Roll call of domesticated plants 9.8 Changes accompanying domestication 9.9 Genetic bottleneck 9.10 Tempo of domestication 9.11 Genetic architecture and domestication 9.12 Models of domestication 9.13 Modern breeding is a continuation of the domestication process Key references and suggested reading Outcomes assessment 10 Plant genetic resources 10.1 Importance of germplasm to plant breeding 10.2 Centers of diversity in plant breeding 10.3 Sources of germplasm for plant breeding 10.4 Concept of genetic vulnerability 10.5 What plant breeders can do to address crop vulnerability 10.6 Wild (exotic) germplasm in plant breeding 10.7 Plant genetic resources conservation 10.8 Nature of cultivated plant genetic resources 10.9 Approaches to germplasm conservation 10.10 Germplasm collection 10.11 Types of plant germplasm collections 10.12 Managing plant genetic resources 10.13 Issue of redundancy and the concept of core subsets 10.14 Germplasm storage technologies 10.15 Using genetic resources 10.16 Plant explorations and introductions and their impact on agriculture 10.17 International conservation efforts 10.18 An example of a national germplasm conservation system 10.19 Who owns biodiversity? 10.20 Understanding the genetic architecture of germplasm for crop improvement Key references and suggested reading Internet resources Outcomes assessment

10 Section 5: Breeding objectives 11 Yield andmorphological traits 11.1 Physiological traits 11.2 What is yield? 11.3 Biological versus economic yield 11.4 The ideotype concept 11.5 Improving the efficiency of dry matter partitioning 11.6 Harvest index as a selection criterion for yield 11.7 Selecting for yield per se 11.8 Biological pathway to economic yield 11.9 The concept of yield potential 11.10 The concept of yield plateau 11.11 Yield stability 11.12 Lodging resistance 11.13 Shattering resistance 11.14 Reduced plant height 11.15 Breeding determinacy 11.16 Photoperiod response 11.17 Early maturity Key references and suggested reading Outcomes assessment 12 Quality traits 12.1 Concept of quality 12.2 Nutritional quality of food crops 12.3 Brief history of breeding for improved nutritional quality of crops 12.4 Breeding for improved protein content 12.5 Improving protein content by genetic engineering 12.6 Breeding improved oil quality 12.7 Breeding low phytate cultivar 12.8 Breeding end‐use quality 12.9 Breeding seedlessness 12.10 Breeding for industrial uses 12.11 Breeding plants for novel traits 12.12 Breeding for enhanced bioavailable micronutrients Key references and suggested reading Internet resources Outcomes assessment 13 Environmental stress factors and plant breeding 13.1 Environmental stress factors in crop production 13.2 Climate change and plant breeding 13.3 Crop production environment and stress 13.4 Abiotic environmental stress factors 13.5 Biotic environmental stress factors 13.