George Acquaah - Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding

12 Maluszynski, M., Kasha, K., Forster, B.P., and Szarejko, I. (2003). Doubled Haploid Production in Crop Plants: A Manual. Dordrecht: Springer.

13 Mohammadi, S.A., Prasanna, B.M., and Singh, N.N. (2003). Sequential path model for determining interrelationship among grain yield and related characters in maize. Crop Science 43: 1690–1697.

14 Murashige, T. and Skoog, T. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiologia Plantarum 15: 473–497.

15 Snape, J.W. (1989). Doubled haploid breeding: theoretical basis and practical applications. In: Review of Advances in Plant Biotechnology 1985–1988: 2nd International Symposium on Genetic Manipulation in Crop (eds. A. Mujeeb‐Kazi and L.A. Sitch), 19–30. Philippines: CIMMYT Mexico DF and IRRI Manila.

16 Stefaniak, B. (1994). Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of gladiolus. Plant Cell Reports 13: 386–389.

17 Tae‐Seok, K.O., Nelson, R.L., and Korban, S.S. (2004). Screening multiple soybean cultivars (MG 00 to MG VIII) for embryogenesis following Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of immature cotyledons. Crop Science 44: 1825–1831.

18 Touraev, A., Forster, B.P., and Jain, S.M. (2009). Advances in Haploid Production in Higher Plants. Dordrecht: Springer.

19 Trigiano, R.N. and Gray, D.J. (eds.) (1996). Plant Tissue Culture Concepts and Laboratory Exercises. New York, NY: CRC Press.

http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/tisscult/microprop/microprop.html– (links to numerous aspects of plant micropropagation).

http://billie.btny.purdue.edu/apomixis/apomixis.html– Excellent overview of apomixis.

http://www.sprrs.usda.gov/apomixis.htm– Comments from foremost scientists in field of apomixis.

http://www.blogontheweb.com/tissue_culture– Excellent discussion on tissue culture.

Please answer the following questions true or false:

1 The MS medium was developed by Morris and Stevenson.

2 Agar is used as a gelling agent in tissue culture.

3 A protoplast is all the cellular components of a cell plus the cell wall.

4 An auxin‐cytokinin ratio in favor of auxin promotes rooting.

5 Propagation by cuttings is a form of clonal propagation.

6 Diplospory is the most common mechanism of apomixis in higher plants.

7 Facultative apomicts reproduce exclusively by apomixis.

8 Pathogenesis is equivalent to haploidy.

Please answer the following questions:

1 The part of the plant used to start tissue culture is called the ……………………..

2 The MS tissue culture medium is named after ……………… and ……………

3 A mass of undifferentiated cells, such as meristematic cells, is called ………….

4 What is clonal propagation?

5 What is apomixis?

6 Distinguish between apospory and displospory as mechanisms of apomixis.

7 Species that reproduce exclusively (or nearly so) by apomixis are described as …………………………..

8 Give a specific advantage of clonal propagation.

Please write a brief essay on each of the following topics:

1 Why is it possible (at least theoretically) to raise a full plant, or for that matter any organism, from just one of its own cells?

2 All cells are not totipotent. Explain.

3 What it the importance of a callus phase in plant tissue culture research?

4 Discuss the rationale for the composition of a tissue culture medium.

5 Describe the in vitro production of hybrids.

6 Discuss practical applications of tissue culture in plant breeding.

7 Discuss the key breeding implications of clonal propagation.

8 Discuss the benefits of apomictic cultivars in crop production.

9 Apomixis can be a two‐edged sword in plant breeding. Explain.

10 Discuss the occurrence of apomixis in nature.

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