George Acquaah - Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding

Здесь есть возможность читать онлайн «George Acquaah - Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding» — ознакомительный отрывок электронной книги совершенно бесплатно, а после прочтения отрывка купить полную версию. В некоторых случаях можно слушать аудио, скачать через торрент в формате fb2 и присутствует краткое содержание. Жанр: unrecognised, на английском языке. Описание произведения, (предисловие) а так же отзывы посетителей доступны на портале библиотеки ЛибКат.

Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

Предлагаем к чтению аннотацию, описание, краткое содержание или предисловие (зависит от того, что написал сам автор книги «Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding»). Если вы не нашли необходимую информацию о книге — напишите в комментариях, мы постараемся отыскать её.

The revised edition of the bestselling textbook, covering both classical and molecular plant breeding Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding Now in its third edition, this essential textbook contains extensively revised content that reflects recent advances and current practices. Substantial updates have been made to its molecular genetics and breeding sections, including discussions of new breeding techniques such as zinc finger nuclease, oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis, RNA-dependent DNA methylation, reverse breeding, genome editing, and others. A new table enables efficient comparison of an expanded list of molecular markers, including Allozyme, RFLPs, RAPD, SSR, ISSR, DAMD, AFLP, SNPs and ESTs. Also, new and updated “Industry Highlights” sections provide examples of the practical application of plant breeding methods to real-world problems. This new edition:
Organizes topics to reflect the stages of an actual breeding project Incorporates the most recent technologies in the field, such as CRSPR genome edition and grafting on GM stock Includes numerous illustrations and end-of-chapter self-assessment questions, key references, suggested readings, and links to relevant websites Features a companion website containing additional artwork and instructor resources 
offers researchers and professionals an invaluable resource and remains the ideal textbook for advanced undergraduates and graduates in plant science, particularly those studying plant breeding, biotechnology, and genetics.

Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding — читать онлайн ознакомительный отрывок

Ниже представлен текст книги, разбитый по страницам. Система сохранения места последней прочитанной страницы, позволяет с удобством читать онлайн бесплатно книгу «Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding», без необходимости каждый раз заново искать на чём Вы остановились. Поставьте закладку, и сможете в любой момент перейти на страницу, на которой закончили чтение.

Тёмная тема
Сбросить

Интервал:

Закладка:

Сделать

7.15.2 Benefits of apomixis

The benefits of apomixis may be examined from the perspectives of the plant breeder and the crop producer.

Benefits to the plant breeder

Apomixis, essentially, is a natural mechanism of cloning plants through seed. If it could be developed to become a breeding tool, it would allow plant breeders to develop hybrids that can retain their original genetic properties indefinitely with repeated use, without a need to reconstitute them. In other words, hybrid seed could be produced from hybrid seed. The plant breeder would not need to make crosses each year to produce the hybrid. This advantage would accelerate breeding programs and reduce development cost of hybrid cultivars. Apomixis would be greatly beneficial when uniformity of product is desired. Breeders could use this tool to quickly fix superior gene combinations. That is, vigor could be duplicated, generation after generation without decline. Furthermore, commercial hybrid production could be implemented for species without fertility control mechanisms (e.g. male‐sterility system); neither would there be a need for isolation in F 1hybrid seed production. There would be no need to maintain and increase parental genotypes. Cultivar evaluation could proceed immediately following a cross. This advantage is applicable to clonal propagation in general.

In addition to these obvious benefits, it is anticipated that plant breeders will divert the resources saved (time, money) into other creative breeding ventures. For example, cultivars could be developed for smaller and more specific production environments. Also, more parental stock could be developed to reduce the risk of genetic vulnerability through the use of a few elite genetic stocks as parents in hybrid development.

There are some plant breeding concerns associated with apomixis. Species that exhibit partial apomixis are more challenging to breed because they produce both sexual and apomitic plants in the progeny. Complete apomicts are easier to breed by conventional methods.

Benefits to the producer

The most obvious benefit of apomitic cultivars to crop producers is the ability to save seed from their field harvest of hybrid cultivars for planting the next season. Because apomixis fixes hybrid vigor, the farmer does not need to purchase fresh hybrid seed each season. This would especially benefit the producer in poor economies, who often cannot afford the high price of hybrid seed. Apomixis, as previously indicated, could accelerate plant breeding. This could translate into less expensive commercial seed for all producers. Realistically, such benefits will materialize only if commercial breeders will make acceptable profit from using the technology.

Impact on the environment

Some speculate that apomixis has the potential to reduce biodiversity because it produces clonal cultivars and hence uniform populations that are susceptible to disease epidemics. However, others caution that the suspected reduction in biodiversity would be minimal since apomixis occurs naturally in polyploids, which occurs less frequently than diploids.

7.15.3 Mechanisms of apomixis

Apomixis arises by a number of mechanisms, of which four major ones that differ according to origin (cell that undergoes mitosis to produce the embryo) are discussed next. Seed formation without sexual union is called agamospermy, the mechanism that may be summarized into two categories – gametophytic apomixisand adventitious apomixis. There are two types of gametophytic apomixis – aposporyand diplospory.

Apospory

This is the most common mechanism of apomixis in higher plants. It is a type of agamospermy that involves the nucellar. The somatic cells of the ovule divide mitotically to form an unreduced (2 n ) embryonic sac. The megaspore or young embryo sac aborts, as occurs in species such as Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis ).

Diplospory

Unreduced megaspore mother cell produces the embryo sac following mitosis instead of meiosis. This cytological event occurs in species such as Tripsacum .

Adventitious embryo

Unlike apospory and diplospory in which an embryo sac is formed, no embryo sac is formed in adventitious embryony. Instead, the source of the embryo could be somatic cells of the ovule, integuments, or ovary wall. This mechanism occurs commonly in Citrus but rarely in other higher plants.

Parthenogenesis

This mechanism produces an outcome that is essentially equivalent to haploidy. The reduced ( n ) egg nucleus in a sexual embryo sac develops into a haploid embryo without fertilization by the sperm nucleus. In this case the embryo has not an identical genotype as the plant on which it is formed.

Other less common mechanisms of apomixis are androgenesis(development of a seed embryo from the sperm nucleus upon entering the embryo sac), and semigamy(sperm nucleus and egg nucleus develop independently without uniting, leading to one haploid embryo). The resulting haploid plants contain sectors of material from both maternal and paternal origin, and is therefore chimeric.

7.16 Other tissue culture applications

There are other tissue culture‐based applications of interest to plant breeders besides micropropagation.

7.16.1 Synthetic seed

Somatic embryogenesis has potential commercial applications, one of which is in the synthetic seedtechnology (production of artificial seeds). A synthetic seed consists of somatic embryos enclosed in protective coating. There are two types currently being developed:

1 Hydrated synthetic seed – This kind of seed is encased in hydrated gel (e.g. calcium alginate).

2 Desiccated synthetic seed – This kind of seed is coated with water soluble resin (e.g. polyoxethylene).

To develop synthetic seed, it is critical to achieve a quiescent phase, which is typically lacking in somatic embryogenesis (i.e. without quiescence, there is continuous growth, germination, and eventually death, but no stationary stage as in embryos in mature seeds). The application will depend on the crop. Lucerne ( Medicago sativa ) and orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata ) are among the species that have received much attention in artificial seed development. Potential application of artificial seed is in species that are highly heterozygous and in which conventional breeding is time‐consuming. Trees can be cloned more readily by this method. In some tropical species that are seed propagated but in which seeds have short duration of viability, artificial seed production could be economical, because of the high economic value of these crops (e.g. cacao, coconut, oil palm, coffee). Also, hybrid synthetic seed could be produced in species in which commercial hybrid production is problematic (e.g. cotton, soybean).

7.16.2 Limitations to commercialization of synthetic seed technology

Whereas the prospect of commercial synthetic seed is appealing, several factors make this impractical at this time. Problems may occur at maturation, germination, rooting, shot apex formation, or acclimatization.

Large‐scale production of high quality viable propagules remains a key challenge.

A major limitation is the poor conversion of apparently normal propagules into normal plantlets.

Improper development and maturation of somatic embryos causes poor germination and conversion problems.

Читать дальше
Тёмная тема
Сбросить

Интервал:

Закладка:

Сделать

Похожие книги на «Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding»

Представляем Вашему вниманию похожие книги на «Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding» списком для выбора. Мы отобрали схожую по названию и смыслу литературу в надежде предоставить читателям больше вариантов отыскать новые, интересные, ещё непрочитанные произведения.


Отзывы о книге «Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding»

Обсуждение, отзывы о книге «Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding» и просто собственные мнения читателей. Оставьте ваши комментарии, напишите, что Вы думаете о произведении, его смысле или главных героях. Укажите что конкретно понравилось, а что нет, и почему Вы так считаете.

x