Carol A. Chapelle - The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics

25 S Study Abroad References Suggested Readings Online Resources Systemic Functional Linguistics Conceptualizing Text/Context Dynamics: Halliday's Three Metafunctions of Language The Ideational Metafunction and Field Resources The Interpersonal Metafunction and Tenor Resources The Textual Metafunction and Mode Resources References Suggested Readings

26 T Task‐Based Language Assessment Approaches to TBLA Current Applications of TBLA Issues in TBLA Conclusion References Suggested Readings Online Resources Note Task‐Based Learning: Cognitive Underpinnings Cognitive Processes in Task‐Based Learning Design Characteristics Affecting the Cognitive Processing Demands of Tasks Effects of Cumulative Increases in the Cognitive Demands of Tasks References Suggested Readings Teacher Education for Multilingual Education References Suggested Readings Teaching Culture and Intercultural Competence What Is Culture? Teaching Culture: Modernist Perspectives Intercultural Competence Teaching Culture: Postmodernist Perspectives Conclusion References Suggested Readings Note Teaching Reading: Foundations and Practices Research on Reading with Implications for Instruction Emphases for Reading Instruction Concluding Comments References Suggested Reading Teaching Speaking Speaking Under Time Pressure What to Teach? How to Teach? Teaching Speaking and Theories of SLA References Suggested Readings Teaching Vocabulary Which Words Should Be Learned? What Are the Vocabulary Learning Goals? How Will Vocabulary Be Learned in the Course? How Will Vocabulary Learning Be Assessed? Conclusion References Suggested Readings Theses and Dissertations in English for Specific Purposes References Suggested Readings Third Language Acquisition The Scope of Third Language Acquisition Diversity of Third Language Acquisition Main Trends in Third Language Acquisition Research Final Remarks References Suggested Readings Translanguaging Introduction Translanguaging and Language Theory Translanguaging in Education Conclusion References Suggested Readings Note Translation Theory General Considerations About Theory Theoretical Principles Currently Accepted in Translation Studies Conclusions Implied by These Theoretical Principles Difficulties in Formulating Translation Theory References

27 U Uses of Language Assessments Introduction Classification of Test Uses Test Use and Test Validity Conclusion References Suggested Readings Note Using the First Language and Code Switching in Second Language Classrooms References Suggested Reading

28 V Validation of Language Assessments The Consensus View of Validation Major Approaches to Validation in Language Assessment Use‐Specific Validation Frameworks Prevailing Concerns in Validation Research References Varieties of English in Asia References Suggested Readings Vocabulary and Language for Specific Purposes Investigating Vocabulary and Language for Specific Purposes Teaching and Learning Vocabulary and Language for Specialized Purposes References Suggested Readings Online Resources Vocabulary Learning Strategies What VLS Do Students Use? Are VLS Useful? Person, Task, Context, and Strategies Conclusions References Suggested Readings Vygotsky and Second Language Acquisition Meaning in the Internal Thinking/Languaging System Methodological Approach Vygotsky and Second Language Acquisition and Development Conclusion References Suggested Readings Note

29 W Washback in Language Assessment References Suggested Readings World Englishes and Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages TESOL in World Englishes: Early Years World Englishes in TESOL: Early Years World Englishes and TESOL in the 21st Century Conclusion References Suggested Readings Writing and Language for Specific Purposes Writing Needs Across LSP Domains Research in Writing and LSP Pedagogy in Writing and LSP References Suggested Readings

30 Index

31 End User License Agreement

1 A Table 1 Culture learning instruments and selection criteria

2 C Table 1 Overview of alignment and affiliation featuresTable 1 Examples of spoken and written business English corporaTable 2 Linguistic dimensions of outsourced call center discourse (Friginal, 200...Table 1 Contingency table for keyness calculationTable 1 Frequencies of give in ditransitive and prepositional datives in the ICE‐...

3 ETable 1 A CARS model for article introductions (Swales, 1990, p. 141)

4 HTable 1 Approaches to historical language use (from Culpeper, 2011, p. 4)

5 LTable 1 Vocabulary scores by test and groupTable 2 Fixed effects structure of LMM model

6 MTable 1 Mixed methods design typology (Creswell, Plano Clark, Guttman,...

7 NTable 1 Types of analysis

8 PTable 1 Seven successive traditions within applied linguistics

9 RTable 1 Analytic rubric for assessing Chinese as a foreign languageTable 1 Example of multitrait scoring scale (adapted from Turner &...

10 STable 1 Process and participant typesTable 2 The mood systemTable 3 The modality systemTable 4 Appraisal resourcesTable 5 Ways of building ideas through theme/rheme patterns in different disc...

11 TTable 1 Description of vocabulary knowledge (taken from Nation, 2013)

12 VTable 1 Categories of vocabulary learning strategies

1 A Figure 1 The interaction of curriculum, instruction, and classroom assessment ... Figure 2 A continuum of assessment purposes, uses of data, and examples based ... Figure 1 List of grammatical forms based on Celce‐Murcia and Larsen‐Freeman (1... Figure 2 List of phonological forms Figure 3 Grammatical knowledge as form (adapted from Purpura, 2004, reproduced... Figure 4 Semantico grammatical knowledge (adapted from Purpura, 2004, reproduc... Figure 5 Extended model of semantico‐grammatical knowledge (adapted from Purpu... Figure 6 Speech acts and functional meaning Figure 7 Meaning‐oriented model of L2 proficiency (adapted from Purpura, 2016,... Figure 8 Task types and scoring (adapted from Purpura, 2004, reproduced with p... Figure 9 Discourse analytic measures (used in Cumming et al., 2006, used with ... Figure 10 Discourse analytic measures (used in Knoch et al., 2014, used with p... Figure 1 DCT item Figure 2 Metapragmatic judgment item Figure 3 Implicature item from Roever (2001) Figure 4 Routines item from Roever (2001) Figure 1 A simple four‐state Markov model with transition probabilities Figure 2 A simple artificial neural network

2 B Figure 1 A visual representation of the language‐mode continuum Note. Two po...

3 C Figure 1 A model of dyadic interaction © Neomy Storch. Figure 1 Waveform for Japanese singleton and geminate /k/ Figure 2 Spectrogram of “ah.” Created with the digital audio editor Praat (pra... Figure 3 Spectrogram of “oh.” Created with the digital audio editor Praat (pra... Figure 4 Images from the University of Iowa's Phonetics Flash Animation Projec... Figure 5 Waveform and pitch curves of two utterances “Oh.” Created with the di... Figure 6 Web‐based Anvil software (www.anvil-software.de/) © AnvilFigure 1 Comparison of average dimension scores per register for “addressee‐fo...

4 EFigure 1 Subdivisions of EAP (Flowerdew & Peacock, 2001, p. 12,...Figure 2 A genre approach to nursing care plans (Hussin, 2002, p. 30) Reprinte...

5 IFigure 1 Darvin and Norton's Model of Investment. Reprinted from “Identity and...Figure 1 The International Phonetic Alphabet © 2005 International...

6 LFigure 1 Data from Microsoft Excel imported into SPSSFigure 2 SPSS linear mixed models subjects/repeated dialog boxFigure 3 SPSS linear mixed models design dialog boxesFigure 4 Outline and results viewersFigure 5 Pretest and posttest vocabulary scores by groupFigure 1 Grammar–lexis continuum (adapted from Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004,...

7 MFigure 1 Analytic framework for the parallel tracks analysis (Kim, 2008, p. ...Figure 2 Analytic framework for the integrated analysis (Li, Marquart,...Figure 1 Petra's attention/awareness levels: She pays close attention to the...