Carol A. Chapelle - The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics

19 M Materials Development Introduction What Materials Do Language Learners Need? Should Materials Be Forms or Meaning Focused? Should Materials Be Contrived or Authentic? Should Learners Be Asked to Practice or to Use the Language? Should Materials Be Based on Theories of Language Acquisition? Should Materials Be Global or Local? What Role Can Technology Play in Facilitating Language Acquisition? Conclusion References Suggested Readings Mixed Methods Stances on Mixing Paradigms Purposes of Mixing Methods Mixed Methods Research Designs Mixed Methods Data Analysis Quality Issues in Mixing Methods Using Mixed Methods in Applied Linguistics Research References Suggested Readings Mobile-Assisted Language Learning MALL in Relation to CALL Typical Applications Reading and Listening Speaking and Writing Location‐Specific Language Learning Support for Informal Learning Control Over Learning Mobile Learners Accessibility and Usability MALL Within Mobile Learning Summary References Suggested Readings Motivation in Second Language Acquisition References Suggested Readings Move Analysis Move Analysis as an Analytical Approach Move Analysis as a Pedagogical Approach Move Analysis Crossing Boundaries References Suggested Readings Note Multicompetence Premises of Multicompetence Multicompetence and SLA Methodology Effects of the L2 on the L2 User Bilingual Cognition Multicompetence and Language Teaching Conclusions References Suggested Readings Multilingualism and the Internet Introduction Defining the Internet Different Ways of Using the Internet as a Source of Multilingual Data Paradigms of Research on Multilingualism on the Internet Multilingual Language Settings on the Internet Multilingual Internet Discourse as Heteroglossia Multilingualism on the Internet and Language Learning Conclusion References Suggested Readings Multilingualism and Metalinguistic Awareness Introduction: Multilingualism and General Cognitive Advantages Types of Metalinguistic Awareness Conditions Affecting the Development or Deployment of Metalinguistic Awareness Metalinguistic Awareness: Learning to Read, Learning Other Languages References Suggested Readings Multimodal Discourse Analysis References Suggested Readings Multimodal Interaction Analysis Background: Multimodal Interaction Analysis Unit of Analysis Modal Density Foreground–Background Continuum of Attention/Awareness Using Multimodal Interaction Analysis as a Method References Suggested Readings Multimodality and Systemic Functional Analysis Introduction What Is SF Theory? SF‐MDA Conclusion References Suggested Readings Note Multimodal Teaching and Learning Multimodality Teaching Learning Teaching and Learning with L2 Students References Suggested Readings Note

20 N Natural Language Processing and Language Learning NLP and the Analysis of Learner Language NLP and the Analysis of Native Language for Learners References Suggested Readings Needs Analysis A Rationale for Needs Analysis Units of Analysis in NA Stage 1 of a Task‐Based NA: Identifying Target Tasks Stage 2 of a Task‐Based NA: Analysis of Target Discourse From NA to Syllabus References Suggested Readings Needs Analysis and Syllabus Design for Language for Specific Purposes Introduction The Role and Importance of Needs Analysis Trends in Scope and Methods From Needs Analysis to Specification of Syllabus Content The Role of Theory Issues in Needs Analysis Conclusion References New Literacies of Online Research and Comprehension Literacy as Deixis How Should We Conceptualize Literacy as a Deictic Construct? A Dual‐Level Theory of New Literacies The New Literacies of Online Research and Comprehension What Do We Know About the New Literacies of Online Research and Comprehension? What Do We Need to Know About the New Literacies of Online Reading Comprehension? The Internet Is a Literacy Issue, Not a Technology Issue Literacy Is the Internet—the Internet Is Literacy References Suggested Readings Note Non‐Native‐Speaker English Teachers Background Birth of the Non‐Native Speaker Movement Reflecting on Achievements References Online Resources

21 O Online Psycholinguistic Methods in Second Language Acquisition Research Introduction Word Monitoring Cross‐Modal Priming Self‐Paced Reading/Listening Self‐Paced Listening With Picture Verification Comparison Between the Tasks: Advantages and Disadvantages References Suggested Readings Online Resources Note Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie References Suggested Readings

22 P Paired and Group Oral Assessment References Suggested Readings Note Pattern Grammar Introduction Origins The COBUILD Publications Applications of Pattern Grammar Pattern Grammar and Language Theory References Phonetics and Phonology: Historical Overview Terminology Pre‐19th‐Century Phonetics Phonetics and Phonology in the 19th Century Phonetics and Phonology in the 20th Century Instrumental Phonetics The International Phonetic Association and Alphabet SIL International Phonology References Suggested Readings Note Politeness References Suggested Readings Positivism and Postpositivism A Discipline of Design Historically Variable Modes of Applied Linguistics The Coherence of the Field References Suggested Readings Poststructuralism Two Critical Incidents Poststructuralist Theories of Language, Identity, and Investment Poststructuralist Theory and Classroom Practice Points of Contention and Sites of Innovation References Pragmatic Markers Introduction: On the Nature of Pragmatic Markers The Structure of Pragmatic Markers Do Pragmatic Markers Have a Meaning? Pragmatic Markers, General Extenders, and Second Language Acquisition References Pragmatics of Asynchronous Computer‐Mediated Communication Medium‐Specific Features of ACMD The Variation in Pragmatic Features in ACMC Contexts Pragmatic Features of ACMC in L2 Learning Contexts Conclusion References Suggested Readings Pragmatics of Lingua Franca Interaction What Is a Lingua Franca? Pragmatics and Discourse‐Related Studies of ELF: Some Research Findings Conclusion References Suggested Readings Pragmatics Research Methods Observational Data Collection Procedures Elicited Data Collection Procedures Experimental Collection Procedures Data Analysis References Suggested Readings Pragmatic Transfer Acknowledgment References Suggested Readings Pronunciation Assessment Introduction Purposes of Assessing Pronunciation Methods of Pronunciation Assessment Challenges in Defining the Construct Conclusion References Suggested Readings Pronunciation Teaching Methods and Techniques Understanding the Basic Features of Pronunciation in English Setting Realistic Goals for Instruction Planning Instruction Techniques, Tools, and Technology References Suggested Readings

23 Q Qualitative Corpus Analysis Definition and Philosophy Evolution of Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Corpus Analysis Methodological Foundations Corpus Design Corpus Markup and Annotation Data Retrieval Data Interpretation Practical Applications Conclusions References Suggested Readings Qualitative Research on Information and Communication Technology Current Areas of Inquiry in ICT Research Considerations of Qualitative Methods in ICT Settings New Demands in Qualitative Research in ICT Conclusion References Suggested Readings Qualitative Sociolinguistics Research Formulating Qualitative Sociolinguistic Research Traditions in Qualitative Sociolinguistics Research Observing Language Use in Context Issues and Tools in Data Collection Recent Trends in Qualitative Sociolinguistic Research References Suggested Readings Quantitative Methods Introduction Theoretical Assumptions Formulating the Research Question Following a Systematic Approach Factorial Designs Answering the Research Question References Suggested Readings

24 R Rating Oral Language Rating Scales Rater Training Rating Processes Rater Bias Patterns Future Trends References Suggested Readings Rating Scales and Rubrics in Language Assessment Definition and Purpose Types and Uses Approaches to Rating Scale Development Issues and Challenges References Suggested Readings Note Research Methods and Sociocultural Approaches in Second Language Acquisition Zone of Proximal Development Dynamic Assessment Inner Speech Private Speech The Regulatory Function of Speech Gesture Social Situation of Development Historical/Theoretical References Suggested Readings Note Rhetorical Discourse Analysis Introduction The Tradition of Rhetoric Discourse Analysis Rhetorical Discourse Analysis Rhetorical Discourse Analysis in Rhetorical Criticism Rhetorical Discourse Analysis and Rhetoric/Composition Rhetorical Discourse Analysis in the Study of Language Structure and Use Conclusion References Suggested Readings Role of Linguistic Human Rights in Language Policy and Planning Introduction: Linguistic Human Rights as Part of Language Policy Supplying or Denying Linguistic Human Rights: Good or Bad Language Policy Circles Which Demands Are Justified? Is Speaking a Minority Language a Handicap to Get Rid Of? When Can an LHR Approach “Deliver”? References Suggested Reading Online Resource Roles for Corrective Feedback in Second Language Instruction Types of Corrective Feedback Functions of Corrective Feedback Effects of Corrective Feedback Future Directions References Suggested Readings Russification in the Soviet and Post‐Soviet Era References Suggested Reading