Carol A. Chapelle - The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics

7 Acknowledgments

8 A Adverbs Form and Function Classification Semantic Roles Adverbs in Discourse References Suggested Readings African Union Introduction Colonialism, Postcolonialism, and Language Policy and Ideologies The African Union and Africa's Past Language Policies The African Union and Attitudes Toward African Languages The African Union and Prospects for the Indigenous African Languages References Suggested Readings Agency in Second Language Acquisition Significance of Agency in SLA: A Theoretical Overview Theoretical Perspectives on Agency in SLA Research Into Agency in L2 Learning and Teaching Conclusion References Suggested Reading Note Analysis of Dialogue Dialogues Organization Intersubjectivity Social Context Conclusion References Suggested Readings Analysis of Gender in Interaction What Is Gender in Human Interaction? The Polysemy of Gendered Language References Suggested Readings Anthropological Linguistics References Suggested Readings Aptitude in Second Language Acquisition References Suggested Readings Assessment in the Classroom Approaches of Classroom Assessment Assessment for Summative Purposes or Assessment of Learning Assessment for Formative Purposes or Assessment for Learning Assessment as Learning The Role of Standards in Classroom Assessment Conclusion References Suggested Readings Note Assessment of Cultural Knowledge Introduction Conceptualizing Cultural Knowledge The Nature of Instruments Assessing Cultural Knowledge Selected Cultural Knowledge Assessment Instruments Conclusion References Online Resources Note Assessment of Integrated Skills Test Tasks Computer Madness Research in the Assessment of Integrated Skills Benefits of Integrated Assessment Challenges of Integrated Assessment Development Reliability and Rating Validity Conclusions References Suggested Readings Assessment of the Linguistic Resources of Communication Representing the Linguistic Resources of Communication Conceptualizing L2 Proficiency as Knowledge of Grammatical Forms Conceptualizing L2 Proficiency as a Set of Resources for Communicating Contextualized Meanings Measuring the Linguistic Resources of Communication Conclusion References Note Assessment of Listening Listening Processes Factors Affecting Listening Tasks for Assessing Listening Limitations of Listening Assessment Tasks Computers in Assessing Listening Current and Future Directions in Assessing Listening References Suggested Readings Assessment of Pragmatics The Construct Tests Under the Speech Act Construct Measurement of Interactional Abilities Challenges in Testing L2 Pragmatics Conclusion References Assessment of Reading Brief History of Reading Research Linguistic Knowledge and Reading Ability Reading Ability in a Second Language Reading Assessment in a Second Language Unique Challenges in L2 Reading Assessment Future Directions in Second Language Reading Assessment References Suggested Readings Assessment of Speaking Speaking Assessment Methods Rating Scales and Scale Descriptors Raters Conclusion References Suggested Readings Assessment of Vocabulary Introduction Selection of Target Items Design of Assessments Conclusion References Suggested Readings Assessment of Writing Purposes of Writing Tests The Nature of Second Language Writing Types of Writing Assessments Characteristics of Writing Tests: Tasks and Scoring Challenges and Opportunities for the Future References Suggested Readings Attention, Noticing, and Awareness in Second Language Acquisition Introduction Theoretical Approaches to the Roles of Attention and Awareness in SLA Attention/Noticing and Learning: Empirical Evidence in SLA Awareness and Learning in SLA Empirical Evidence for the Role of Awareness in SLA Learning Without Awareness? Where Do We Go From Here? Conclusion References Suggested Readings Attitudes and Motivation in Bilingual Education Introduction Attitudes Motivation Different Motivational Models Minority Languages Foreign Languages: Global English Conclusions References Suggested Readings Audiovisual Translation Multimedia Translation AVT Modalities Dubbing Subtitling Fansubbing Accessibility References Authenticity in the Language Teaching Curriculum Authentic Materials in a Historical Context Pedagogical Challenges References Suggested Readings Note Automatic Speech Recognition Definition Historical Overview Challenges and Applications of ASR ASR in Applied Linguistics Automatic Rating of Pronunciation Other ASR Applications in Applied Linguistics Future Directions References Suggested Readings

9 B Bilingualism and Cognition Bilingualism and Language Bilingualism and Nonverbal Cognition References Suggested Readings Bilingual and Monolingual Language Modes Language Mode Evidence for Language Mode Language Mode in Different Groups of Bilinguals Language Mode in Research Conclusion References Suggested Readings Note

10 C Case Study Defining Case‐Study Research Case Studies in Applied Linguistics Issues in Case‐Study Research Case Studies in Mixed Methods Research Conclusion References Suggested Readings Chaos/Complexity Theory for Second Language Acquisition/Development Introduction Traditional Views of SLA Shifting the Metaphor Language Users/Learners Usage‐Based Emergentism Individual Differences Implications for Research Methods Conclusion References Suggested Readings Classroom Research What Is Classroom Research? What Are the Origins of L2 Classroom Research? Are There Different Approaches to Classroom Research? What Questions and Topics Are Examined in CR? Future Directions in CR References Suggested Readings Cognitive Approaches to Translation Methodological Approaches Translation as Information Processing and Symbol Manipulation Translation as an Experiential, Cultural Act Translation as Situated, Sociocognitive Interaction References Collaborative Language Learning References Suggested Readings Computer‐Assisted Language Learning Effectiveness Research Introduction Research Findings on CALL Effectiveness Approaches to Evaluating CALL Effectiveness CALL Evaluation Argument Conclusion References Suggested Readings Note Computer‐Assisted Pronunciation Teaching Technology for Teaching Segmentals (Vowels and Consonants) Technology for Teaching Suprasegmentals (Prosody, Intonation, Rhythm) Outlook for the Future References Suggested Readings Computer‐Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) References Suggested Reading Online Resources Computer‐Mediated Communication and Second Language Development References Suggested Readings Note Construction Grammar Introduction Construction Grammar: The Central Ideas Applications Conclusion References Suggested Readings Online Resource Content‐Based Second/Foreign‐Language Instruction Introduction Three Main CBLI Models Implementation Issues Research Agenda Conclusion References Suggested Readings Conversation Analysis and Affiliation and Alignment Introduction Distinguishing Affiliation and Alignment Creating an Environment for Alignment and Affiliation Disaligning and Disaffiliating Affiliating Without Aligning Aligning Without Affiliating Discussion References Suggested Readings Conversation Analysis and Child Language Acquisition Competencies and Understandings Childhood: Interactions in Pre‐ and Early‐Years Primary School Settings References Suggested Reading Conversation Analysis and Classroom Interaction References Suggested Readings Note Conversation Analysis of Computer‐Mediated Interactions Future Trends References Suggested Readings Conversation Analysis and Interactional Linguistics Introduction Basic Assumptions Historical Development Research Principles and Methods Objects of Research Findings References Suggested Readings Conversation Analysis and Laughter Introduction The Interactional Environments of Laughter Laughter and Social Context Conclusion References Suggested Readings Conversation Analysis Methodology in Second Language Studies Introduction Compatibility of CA and L2 Studies Types of Studies CA Methodological and Procedural Positions in L2 Studies In Conclusion: Applying CA to L2 Studies References Suggested Readings Conversation Analysis and Second Language Acquisition: CA‐SLA CA, SLA, and CA‐SLA Reconceptualizing Learning and Cognition Methodological Underpinnings Analyzing L2 Interactions and Learning Environments Analyzing L2 Learning Conclusion References Suggested Readings Conversation Analysis: Transcriptions and Data Transcriptions and Data Recordings and Data Transcription Specific Issues References Suggested Readings Corpus Analysis of Business English Corpora of Business English Linguistic Analyses of Business English Corpora Multidimensional Analysis of Business English Corpora References Suggested Readings Corpus Analysis in Forensic Linguistics Comparative Authorship Analysis Authorship Profiling Trademark Disputes Determination of Meaning Conclusion References Suggested Readings Corpus Analysis of Key Words Introduction Method: How Are Key Words Calculated? Problems, Limitations, and Extensions of the Technique Example Applications References Suggested Readings Corpus Analysis of Political Language Types of Corpus‐Assisted Studies Into the Language of Politics Potential Sources of Data Types of Research Objectives The Added Value of Using Corpora Modern Diachronic Corpus‐Assisted Discourse Studies (MD‐CADS) Research as Activism or Research for Knowledge's Own Sake? Conclusion References Suggested Readings Note Corpus Linguistics in Language Teaching What Relevance Does Corpus Linguistics Have for Language Teaching? Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom: Options for Language Teachers Conclusions References Suggested Readings Corpus Linguistics: Quantitative Methods Introduction Distinctive Collexeme Analysis Applications Conclusion References Suggested Readings Council of Europe Language Policy and Planning Introduction Policy Documents and Tools in Support of Plurilingual People Living in Multilingual Societies The European Centre for Modern Languages References Note Critical Analysis of Political Discourse References Suggested Readings Critical Pedagogy in Language Teaching References Suggested Readings Critical Period References Suggested Readings Cross‐Cultural Pragmatics Context Shaping Meaning Language Shaping Context Common Ground Fields of Application Conclusions References Suggested Readings Crosslinguistic Influence in Second Language Acquisition Terminology The Verification of CLI Main Findings Theoretical and Empirical Advances References Suggested Readings Note Cultural Approaches to Translation Introduction Translation From Cultures Translating for Cultures Translating Between Cultures References Suggested Readings