Carol A. Chapelle - The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics

Miriam A. Locher, University of Basel, Switzerland

Shawn Loewen, Michigan State University, USA

Michael H. Long, University of Maryland, USA

Roy Lyster, McGill University, Canada

Marijana Macis, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Elizabeth Stallman Madden, University of Minnesota, USA

Holbrook Mahn, University of New Mexico, USA

Roy C. Major, Stanford University, USA

Theodoros Marinis, University of Konstanz, Germany

Waldemar Martyniuk, Jagiellonian University, Poland

Aya Matsuda, Arizona State University, USA

J. Greg McVerry, Southern Connecticut State University, USA

Detmar Meurers, University of Tübingen, Germany

Tommaso M. Milani, University of Gothenburg, Sweden

Andrew Moody, University of Macau, Macau

Brian Morgan, York University, Canada

Paul Nation, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Phuong Nguyen, Iowa State University, USA

Catherine Nickerson, Zayed University, United Arab Emirates

Andrea Nini, University of Manchester, UK

Christiane Nord, University of the Free State, South Africa

Sigrid Norris, University of Freiburg, Germany, and Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand

Bonny Norton, University of British Columbia, Canada

W. Ian O’Byrne, College of Charleston, USA

Gary J. Ockey, Iowa State University, USA

Brian Paltridge, University of Sydney, Australia

Alan Partington, University of Bologna, Italy

Katie Patterson, University of Roehampton, UK

Saija Peuronen, University of Jyväskylä, Finland

Robert Phillipson, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark

Lia Plakans, University of Iowa, USA

Christos Pliatsikas, University of Reading, UK

James E. Purpura, Teachers College, Columbia University, USA

Mart Rannut, Integration Research Institute, Estonia

Paul Rayson, Lancaster University, UK

John Read, University of Auckland, New Zealand

Shannon Reierson, University of New Mexico, USA

Karen Risager, Roskilde University, Denmark

Hanna Risku, Danube University Krems, Austria

Peter Robinson, Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan

Carsten Roever, University of Melbourne, Australia

Jesús Romero‐Trillo, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain

Kathryn Roulston, University of Georgia, USA

June Ruivivar, Concordia University, Canada

Cristina Sanz, Georgetown University, USA

Peter Sayer, Ohio State University, USA

Jonathan Schmidgall, Educational Testing Service, USA

Norbert Schmitt, University of Nottingham, UK

Paul Seedhouse, Newcastle University, UK

Margret Selting, University of Potsdam, Germany

Jérémie Séror, University of Ottawa, Canada

Philip M. Shaw, Stockholm University, Sweden

Aki Siegel, Linnaeus University, Sweden

Tove Skutnabb‐Kangas, University of Roskilde, Denmark (retired), and Åbo Akademi University, Finland

Graham Smart, Carleton University, Canada

Marguerite Ann Snow, California State University, Los Angeles, USA

Suhad Sonbul, Umm Al‐Qura University, Saudi Arabia

Nina Spada, University of Toronto, Canada

Helen Spencer‐Oatey, University of Warwick, UK

Stefanie Stadler, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Jakob Steensig, Aarhus University, Denmark

Fredricka L. Stoller, Northern Arizona University, USA

Neomy Storch, University of Melbourne, Australia

Ruslan Suvorov, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, USA

Merrill Swain, OISE University of Toronto, Canada

Christine M. Tardy, University of Arizona, USA

Elaine Tarone, University of Minnesota, USA

Brian Tomlinson, University of Liverpool, UK, Shanghai International Studies University, China, and Anaheim University, USA

Vincenza Tudini, University of South Australia, Australia

Carolyn E. Turner, McGill University, Canada

Maria Tymoczko, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA

Rachelle Udell, Georgia State University, USA

Ema Ushioda, University of Warwick, UK

Georges Daniel Véronique, Université de Provence, France

Laura Vilkaitė‐Lozdienė, Vilnius University, Lithuania

Sonca Vo, Iowa State University, USA

Johannes Wagner, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark

Judy Wakabayashi, Kent State University, USA

Xiaomei Wang, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia

Paige Ware, Southern Methodist University, USA

Mark Warschauer, University of California, Irvine, USA

Yuko Watanabe, OISE University of Toronto, Canada

Stuart Webb, Western University, Canada

Martin Wedell, University of Leeds, UK

Jennifer M. Wei, Soochow University, Taiwan, Province of China

Li Wei, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK

Albert Weideman, University of the Free State, South Africa

Terrence G. Wiley, Arizona State University, USA

Paula Winke, Michigan State University, USA

Alison Wray, Cardiff University, UK

Xiaoming Xi, Educational Testing Service, USA

Tomoko Yashima, Kansai University, Japan

Lisa Zawilinski, University of Hartford, USA

Nicole Ziegler, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, USA

Eve Zyzik, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA

CAROL A. CHAPELLE

The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics introduces readers to language‐related issues that arise in the real world where languages are learned and used. It is a reference work compiled from the more extensive Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics , which in 2019 was available in close to 1,000 libraries and professional organizations throughout over 50 countries worldwide. 1 Usage data from the electronic versions of The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics were consulted to create The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics by updating 180 of the most accessed entries from the Encyclopedia . The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics was created to offer readers a vivid picture of the range of issues and research approaches in the diverse field of applied linguistics.

Applied linguistics is a field of inquiry that addresses language‐related problems typically occurring in situations of language contact and technological innovation. In these settings, language problems include, for example, explaining misunderstandings in face‐to‐face oral conversation, making decisions about official languages for the government at a national or regional level, diagnosing language competencies of language learners, and building automated speech recognition systems for businesses. Language contact refers to situations in which people speaking different languages need to communicate to accomplish business, political, or personal goals. Language contact occurs where speakers of minority languages assert their collective rights to their language and culture while using the majority language to achieve some of their goals. Language contact is also a consequence of international mobility, migration, communication, business, and politics, all resulting in unprecedented language contact in face‐to‐face and online communication. Technology plays an important role in all varieties of language‐related problems and also serves applied linguists in their analysis of language itself.