Tarso B. Ledur Kist - Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis

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Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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Presents the theory and applications of Toroidal Capillary, Microchip, and Slab Electrophoresis to analytical chemists across a range of disciplines Written by one of the developers of Toroidal Capillary Electrophoresis (TCE), this book is the first to present this novel analytical technique, in detail, to the field of analytical chemistry.
The exact expressions of separation efficiency, resolution, peak capacity, and many other performance indicators of the open and toroidal layouts are presented and compared.
Featuring numerous illustrations throughout,
offers chapters covering: Solvents and Buffer Solutions; Fundamentals of Electrophoresis; Open Layout; and Toroidal Layout. Confronting Performance Indicators is next, followed by chapters on High Voltage Modules and Distributors; Heat Removal and Temperature Control; and Detectors. The book finishes with an examination of the applications of Toroidal Electrophoresis.
The first book to offer a detailed account of Toroidal Electrophoresis—written by one of its creators
Compares the toroidal layouts with the well-established open layouts of the three most used platforms (Capillary, Microchip, and Slab) Provides solutions to many of the experimental issues arising in electromigration techniques and discusses the voltage distributors and detectors that are compatible with the toroidal layouts Richly illustrated with a large number of useful equations showing the relationships between important operational parameters and the performance indicators 
is aimed at method developers and separation scientists working in clinical analysis, and food analysis, as well as those in pharmacology, disease biomarker applications, and nucleic acid analysis using the Capillary, Microchip, or slab Platform. It will also benefit undergraduate and graduate students of inorganic analytical chemistry, organic analytical chemistry, bioanalysis, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical sciences, and food analysis.

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1.1.12 Buffer Capacity

The buffer capacity ( of a buffer solution is a measurable quantity and is defined as 119 - фото 210) of a buffer solution is a measurable quantity and is defined as:

(1.19) is defined as the derivative of the amount of equivalents of a strong acid or - фото 211

картинка 212is defined as the derivative of the amount of equivalents (of a strong acid or base) to the pH. The unit of картинка 213is the amount of equivalents that must be added to one liter of a buffer solution in order to change pH by one unit. Buffer solutions with high buffer capacities are always desired. In the laboratory картинка 214is measured by titration and observing the amount of equivalents ( картинка 215) of a strong base (or acid) that must be added to one liter of a buffer solution with an initial pH of картинка 216, in order to increase (or decrease) its pH from to This permits the definition of depending on the sensitivity and precisio - фото 217to This permits the definition of depending on the sensitivity and precision of - фото 218. This permits the definition of depending on the sensitivity and precision of the pHmeter used At this - фото 219(depending on the sensitivity and precision of the pH-meter used). At this point the titration is paused and the buffer capacity of the solution at Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis - изображение 220is calculated as follows: Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis - изображение 221. Following this the titration is continued until the pH is changed by another increment of Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis - изображение 222. Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis - изображение 223is then calculated as Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis - изображение 224, and so on. Plotting the values of a buffer against pH gives nothing more than a density probability - фото 225values of a buffer against pH gives nothing more than a density probability distribution.

Figure 16 Buffer capacity of 01 M acetic acid p in an aqueous solution in - фото 226

Figure 1.6 Buffer capacity of 0.1 M acetic acid (p картинка 227) in an aqueous solution in the 1 to 13 pH range.

Equation 1.19(b), which is the integral form of equation 1.19(a), shows the number of equivalents of a strong base (or a strong acid) required to change the pH of one liter of a buffer solution from картинка 228to картинка 229(or the reverse). This integral represents the area under the curves картинка 230between картинка 231and картинка 232.

For practical applications, buffer capacity can be predicted using equation 1.19(a) and the definition of acid ionization constant ( equation 1.15). The result is the following equation:

(1.20) Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis - изображение 233

where Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis - изображение 234(at 25 Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis - изображение 235C), Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis - изображение 236, and is the initial activity of the weak acid used to prepare the buffer solution - фото 237is the initial activity of the weak acid used to prepare the buffer solution. For instance, if 0.1 mol of acetic acid is used to prepare one liter then if The same equation can be applied to a weak base B however in this case - фото 238if картинка 239. The same equation can be applied to a weak base (B), however in this case картинка 240represents the initial activity of the weak base used.

Figure 1.6shows the buffer capacity that should be expected when 0.1 mol of acetic acid is diluted in water to make 1 L solution. This gives a 0.1 M solution and note the high buffer capacity around pH = 4.75, which is the p картинка 241of acetic acid. Figure 1.7shows the same for a 0.1 M solution of Tris.

If a buffer is prepared by a mixture of картинка 242weak acids and a strong base (or a mixture of weak bases and a strong acid then the buffer capacity can still be predicted - фото 243weak bases and a strong acid), then the buffer capacity can still be predicted for each pH as follows:

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