Tarso B. Ledur Kist - Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis

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Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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Presents the theory and applications of Toroidal Capillary, Microchip, and Slab Electrophoresis to analytical chemists across a range of disciplines Written by one of the developers of Toroidal Capillary Electrophoresis (TCE), this book is the first to present this novel analytical technique, in detail, to the field of analytical chemistry.
The exact expressions of separation efficiency, resolution, peak capacity, and many other performance indicators of the open and toroidal layouts are presented and compared.
Featuring numerous illustrations throughout,
offers chapters covering: Solvents and Buffer Solutions; Fundamentals of Electrophoresis; Open Layout; and Toroidal Layout. Confronting Performance Indicators is next, followed by chapters on High Voltage Modules and Distributors; Heat Removal and Temperature Control; and Detectors. The book finishes with an examination of the applications of Toroidal Electrophoresis.
The first book to offer a detailed account of Toroidal Electrophoresis—written by one of its creators
Compares the toroidal layouts with the well-established open layouts of the three most used platforms (Capillary, Microchip, and Slab) Provides solutions to many of the experimental issues arising in electromigration techniques and discusses the voltage distributors and detectors that are compatible with the toroidal layouts Richly illustrated with a large number of useful equations showing the relationships between important operational parameters and the performance indicators 
is aimed at method developers and separation scientists working in clinical analysis, and food analysis, as well as those in pharmacology, disease biomarker applications, and nucleic acid analysis using the Capillary, Microchip, or slab Platform. It will also benefit undergraduate and graduate students of inorganic analytical chemistry, organic analytical chemistry, bioanalysis, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical sciences, and food analysis.

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1.1.9 Acid Ionization Constants

From reaction 1.3, the ionization constants and of water can be written as 19 where the multiplication - фото 109and of water can be written as 19 where the multiplication operation is - фото 110of water can be written as:

(1.9) where the multiplication operation is explicitly denoted by to avoid confusion - фото 111

where the multiplication operation is explicitly denoted by to avoid confusion at 25 C and - фото 112to avoid confusion, at 25 C and represents dimensionless variables called chemical activities The - фото 113at 25 картинка 114C and картинка 115represents dimensionless variables called chemical activities. The activity of a chemical species is defined as 110 where - фото 116of a chemical species is defined as 110 where is a dimensionless parameter called - фото 117is defined as:

(1.10) where is a dimensionless parameter called the activity coefficient which - фото 118

where картинка 119is a dimensionless parameter called the activity coefficient , which depends on the units of concentration of the variables картинка 120, картинка 121, and картинка 122. These are standard states of solute concentrations with the following units, respectively: amount concentration (molar), molality (molal), and mass concentration (g картинка 123). They should not be confused with the standard solutions used in analytical chemistry, nor with the standard conditions of a system (e.g., standard temperature and pressure of a gas). These standard states are standard quantities of a thermodynamic variable and in the present case could be 1 M, 1 molal, and 1 g L −1.

The activity coefficients express the deviation from an ideal behavior. When the activity coefficient картинка 124of a chemical species картинка 125is close to one for a given range of concentration amount or other unit, then this species exhibits an almost ideal behavior according to Henry's law in this range and the same is expected up to infinite dilutions of the solute.

The equilibrium constant картинка 126is called the autoprotolysis constant , [7] the water dissociation constant, the ionization constant or self-ionization constant of water. From the definition shown in equation 1.9it may also be seen as the ionic product of water . These are small numbers that are difficult to handle. Therefore it is more practical to apply the mathematical operator “p”, which stands for “ to them Consequently we obtain In reality it is more common to use the - фото 127”, to them. Consequently we obtain:

In reality it is more common to use the simplified notations of pH and pOH - фото 128

In reality it is more common to use the simplified notations of pH and pOH instead of картинка 129and картинка 130, respectively. For all other entities the notation картинка 131, where картинка 132denotes any charged or neutral species, is used. For example, картинка 133, картинка 134, картинка 135, Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis - изображение 136,…, and so on.

From the mathematical point of view it is incorrect to write Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis - изображение 137or Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis - изображение 138, because the transcendental functions (exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric) must be handled with dimensionless arguments. Second, from a chemical point of view, the cited expressions are not very informative. To illustrate this, let us suppose that the pH of a solution is exactly From equation 110we can see that this is much more information rich as it - фото 139. From equation 1.10we can see that this is much more information rich, as it leads to the following relationships:

(1.11) 112 113 These allow the content of H 3O - фото 140

(1.12) 113 These allow the content of H 3O to be known in many more units - фото 141

(1.13) These allow the content of H 3O to be known in many more units including but - фото 142

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