Allan T. Kirkpatrick - Internal Combustion Engines

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Distillation process.Figure 9.2 (a) Paraffins, (b) Olefins, and (c) Naphthenes.Figure 9.3 Aromatics.Figure 9.4 (a) Alcohols, (b) Ethers, and (c) Nitroparaffins.Figure 9.5 Specific heat of various hydrocarbons.Figure 9.6 Specific heat of various hydrocarbons.Figure 9.7 Effect of fuel–air ratio on knock‐limited imep for three aircraft...Figure 9.8 Effect of fuel structure on the detonation tendency of paraffinic...Figure 9.9 Cetane and octane number correlation for hydrocarbon fuels. (Adap...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Stribeck diagram showing friction regimes.Figure 10.2 Schematic of lubricant film thickness vs. Stribeck duty paramete...Figure 10.3 Metal‐to‐metal contact in boundary lubrication. Adapted from Ros...Figure 10.4 Dynamic viscosity versus temperature for various oil SAE grades....Figure 10.5 Diesel engine fmep versus piston speed. (Adapted from Brown 1973...Figure 10.6 Motored friction mean effective pressure (fmep) during disassemb...Figure 10.7 Gasoline engine friction versus load. (Adapted from Gish 1957.)...Figure 10.8 Piston and connecting rod. (Courtesy Mahle, Inc.)Figure 10.9 Piston head for a spark‐ignition engine. (Courtesy Mahle, Inc.)...Figure 10.10 Piston ring assembly schematic. (Adapted from Merrion 1994.)Figure 10.11 Common types of piston rings.Figure 10.12 Piston and ring friction, = 4.57 m/s, bmep = 5.78 bar, = ...Figure 10.13 Friction of piston skirt, rings, and gas pressure.Figure 10.14 Essential features of a hydrodynamic analysis of ring friction....Figure 10.15 Taper compression ring geometry.Figure 10.16 Barrel compression ring geometry.Figure 10.17 Oil film pressure and thickness for a taper compression ring (E...Figure 10.18 Oil film pressure and thickness for a barrel compression ring (...Figure 10.19 Effect of load on minimum oil film thickness. (Adapted from All...Figure 10.20 Piston force balance.Figure 10.21 Piston side thrust load and the switch of contact sides. (Adapt...Figure 10.22 Engine crankshaft. (Courtesy Norton Manufacturing.)Figure 10.23 Journal bearing geometry.Figure 10.24 Journal bearing pressure and film thickness profiles (Example 1...Figure 10.25 Various valve train designs. (Adapted from Rosenberg 1982.)Figure 10.26 Representative V8 engine camshaft. (Courtesy COMP Cams.)Figure 10.27 Type V push rod rocker arm with roller follower. (Courtesy Jese...Figure 10.28 Rocker arms on cylinder head. (Courtesy Jesel Valvetrain Compon...Figure 10.29 Engine poppet valves. (Courtesy Wesco Valve.)Figure 10.30 Engine oil pump. (Courtesy Melling Engine Parts).Figure 10.31 Engine water pump. (Courtesy Airtex Products).Figure 10.32 Friction mean effective pressure versus engine speed.Figure 10.33 Relative contributions of fmep components versus engine speed....

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Liquid‐cooling system schematic.Figure 11.2 Air‐cooling system schematic.Figure 11.3 Engine instrumented for energy balance measurements.Figure 11.4 Energy balance on an spark‐ignition engine. (Courtesy D. Brigham...Figure 11.5 Surface thermocouple plug used to measure instantaneous heat flu...Figure 11.6 Piston cooling paths.Figure 11.7 Cylinder head heat flux profiles of five consecutive combustion ...Figure 11.8 Three resistor thermal network.Figure 11.9 Thermal network with capacitance node for penetration layer.Figure 11.10 Piston temperature distribution versus engine speed at WOT. (Ad...Figure 11.11 Instantaneous heat transfer coefficient (Example 11.2).Figure 11.12 Heat flux (Example 11.2).Figure 11.13 Cumulative dimensionless heat loss (Example 11.2). Figure 11.14 Ring pack and 1‐D flow model of blowby.Figure 11.15 Measured inter‐ring pressure. (Adapted from Ruddy 1979.)Figure 11.16 Measured gas composition at the top land of a gasoline engine a...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Engine on hydraulic dynamometer test stand. (Courtesy Land & Sea...Figure 12.2 Torque measurement using a cradle mounted dynamometer.Figure 12.3 Fuel flow measurement using a weighing bridge. (Adapted from Lyn...Figure 12.4 Coriolis effect flowmeter: (a) Sensor tube vibration; (b) Forces...Figure 12.5 Single‐cylinder engine equipped with inlet surge tank and steady...Figure 12.6 Various airflow meters and associated pressure/temperature measu...Figure 12.7 Fuel injector control voltage. (a) Part load. (b) Full load.Figure 12.8 Quartz piezoelectric pressure transducers. (a) Courtesy Kistler ...Figure 12.9 Schematic of pressure measurement system.Figure 12.10 Representative cylinder pressure versus crank angle.Figure 12.11 Cylinder pressure cycle.Figure 12.12 Log cylinder pressure cycle.Figure 12.13 Instantaneous energy release versus crank angle.Figure 12.14 Cumulative burn fraction versus crank angle.Figure 12.15 Cylinder average temperature versus crank angle. (ic: intake va...Figure 12.16 CO and infrared transmittance spectra.Figure 12.17 Schematic of infrared analyzer operation.Figure 12.18 Schematic of a flame ionization detector (FID).Figure 12.19 Model representation of the reactor in a chemiluminescence nitr...Figure 12.20 Exhaust gas dilution tunnel.Figure 12.21 Oxygen sensor voltage vs. equivalence ratio.Figure 12.22 Typical sampling valve. (Courtesy Tsukasa Sokkler, Ltd.)Figure 12.23 (a) Federal Test Procedure LA4 driving schedule. (b) US06 drivi...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Brake‐specific fuel consumption of two‐ and four‐stroke engines ...Figure 13.2 Performance of a V‐8 spark‐ignition engine at three different co...Figure 13.3 Brake‐specific fuel consumption of a single cylinder research en...Figure 13.4 The effect of air–fuel ratio on the bsfc and exhaust emissions o...Figure 13.5 Comparison of an SI engine with an IDI‐CI engine design to produ...Figure 13.6 Comparison of the brake‐specific fuel consumption of a marine di...Figure 13.7 Representative spark‐ignition engine performance map (automotive...Figure 13.8 Representative spark‐ignition engine performance map (automotive...Figure 13.9 Performance map of bmep and bsfc versus engine speed for a repre...Figure 13.10 Performance map of a four‐cylinder naturally aspirated indirect...Figure 13.11 Effect of spark timing on bmep for a number of different chassi...Figure 13.12 Minimum spark advance for best torque. (Adapted from Young 1980...Figure 13.13 Brake‐specific nitric oxide emissions versus brake‐specific fue...Figure 13.14 Thermal efficiency of a spark‐ignition engine as function of th...

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