Allan T. Kirkpatrick - Internal Combustion Engines

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Schematic of gasoline direct fuel injection. (Adapted from Takagi...Figure 6.2 Schematic of port fuel injection.Figure 6.3 Mass of fuel injected as a function of injector pulse width and p...Figure 6.4 Diesel fuel injector pressure and lift profiles. (Adapted from Es...Figure 6.5 Common rail fuel injector‐mechanical control.Figure 6.6 Common rail fuel injector‐electrical control.Figure 6.7 Jerk‐pump fuel injection system.Figure 6.8 Jerk‐pump operation.Figure 6.9 Diesel electronic unit injector. (Adapted from Merrion 1994.)Figure 6.10 Droplet vaporization (Example 6.3).Figure 6.11 Simple model of a gas jet.Figure 6.12 Prechamber for use in large‐ bore natural gas engine.Figure 6.13 Prechamber schematic.Figure 6.14 Carburetor for mixing liquid fuels with air.Figure 6.15 Carburetor for mixing gaseous fuels with air. (Courtesy Impco, I...Figure 6.16 The fuel–air ratio as a function of carburetor demand.Figure 6.17 Schematic of intake port showing swirl parameters and . (Adap...Figure 6.18 Steady‐state flow and swirl system. (Adapted from Uzhan et al. 1...Figure 6.19 Effect of inlet port orientation angle and valve lift on swi...Figure 6.20 Schematic of bowl in piston crown for production of swirl and sq...Figure 6.21 Instantaneous swirl ratio as a function of piston geometry.Figure 6.22 Swirl ratio and squish versus crank angle. (Adapted from Belaire...Figure 6.23 Squish velocity and turbulent velocity as a function of piston g...Figure 6.24 Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) steady‐ flow test rig.Figure 6.25 CFD grid for in‐cylinder flow of a four‐ valve cylinder. (Courte...Figure 6.26 Close‐up of CFD grid. (Courtesy Adapco.)Figure 6.27 CFD flow field. (Courtesy Adapco.)

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Laser shadowgraph of lean = 0.55 (left) and rich = 1.1 (right...Figure 7.2 Pressure profiles for Figure 7.1. (Adapted from Witze and Vilchis...Figure 7.3 Representative mass fraction burned curves. For varying equival...Figure 7.4 Ignition delay versus equivalence ratio and residual fraction. (A...Figure 7.5 Combustion duration versus equivalence ratio and residual fractio...Figure 7.6 Effect of combustion chamber geometry on combustion duration and ...Figure 7.7 Temperature and species concentration profiles during flame propa...Figure 7.8 Dependence of laminar flame speed on equivalence ratio ( K, Figure 7.9 Dependence of laminar flame speed on unburned gas temperature Figure 7.10 Ink roller model of turbulent combustion.Figure 7.11 Pressure profiles for knocking conditions. (Adapted from Douaud ...Figure 7.12 Schlieren photographs of knock process. (Adapted from Smith et a...Figure 7.13 Temperature history of the end gas in Figure 7.12 as determined ...Figure 7.14 High‐speed photographic sequence of the luminosity of a diesel f...Figure 7.15 Simple model of diesel combustion.Figure 7.16 Detailed model of diesel combustion. (Adapted from Dec 1997.)Figure 7.17 Energy release profiles for short‐ and long‐duration fuel inject...Figure 7.18 The effective fuel injection rate versus crank angle. (Adapted f...Figure 7.19 Evolution of a fuel parcel from liquid fuel to combustion produc...Figure 7.20 Spray parcel entrainment and mixing.Figure 7.21 Instantaneous fractions of injected, vaporized, and burned fuel ...Figure 7.22 Predicted energy release versus crank angle for two different ch...Figure 7.23 Representative PPCI dual injection strategy.Figure 7.24 Representative RCCI dual fuel operation.Figure 7.25 Temperature and concentration profiles for K (iso‐octane).Figure 7.26 Temperature and concentration profiles for K (iso‐octane).Figure 7.27 Ignition delay as a function of initial temperature and octane...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Mass fraction burned versus crank angle (Example 8.1).Figure 8.2 Pressure versus crank angle (Example 8.1).Figure 8.3 Calculated temperature of burned gas and unburned gas (Exampl...Figure 8.4 Predicted equilibrium and rate limited NO concentrations (Example...Figure 8.5 Predicted equilibrium and rate limited NO concentrations (Example...Figure 8.6 Calculated exhaust NO concentration versus equivalence ratio and ...Figure 8.7 NO concentration versus cylinder wall temperature (Example 8.1)....Figure 8.8 NO concentration versus start of heat release (Example 8.1).Figure 8.9 NO concentration versus engine speed (Example 8.1).Figure 8.10 NO concentration versus IMEP (Example 8.1).Figure 8.11 Advanced timing increases NO. (Adapted from Huls and Nickol 1967...Figure 8.12 Ensemble of fluid elements during compression and combustion.Figure 8.13 Exhaust gas composition versus fuel–air ratio for supercharged e...Figure 8.14 CO concentration in two elements of the charge the burned at dif...Figure 8.15 Wall vortex formed by exhaust stroke. (Adapted from Tabaczynski ...Figure 8.16 Variation of HC concentration at the exhaust valve during the ex...Figure 8.17 HC concentrations as a function of load for direct injection and...Figure 8.18 Two‐ and three‐ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) struct...Figure 8.19 Soot formation and oxidation versus temperature (Example 8.2).Figure 8.20 Soot and formation on a diagram.Figure 8.21 Representative plot of soot and tradeoff versus injection timi...Figure 8.22 Representative plot of soot and tradeoff versus EGR.Figure 8.23 Engine emission control methods. (Courtesy Englehard Corporation...Figure 8.24 Catalytic converter. (Courtesy Englehard Corporation.)Figure 8.25 Catalytic converter components. (Courtesy Englehard Corporation....Figure 8.26 Conversion efficiencies for oxidizing catalysts. (Adapted from M...Figure 8.27 Conversion efficiencies for three‐way catalyst versus air–fuel r...Figure 8.28 Illustration for Homework Problem 8.3.Figure 8.29 Illustration for Homework Problem 8.14.