Methodologies in Amine Synthesis

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Provides a unique overview of efficient synthetic routes to one of the most important compound classes in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry! Amines are among the most important compounds in organic chemistry due to their wide occurrence in natural products, drugs, crop protection compounds, and advanced materials. For example, the majority of drugs are amines or contain functional groups derived from amines. Powerful and efficient methods for the introduction of the amino group are therefore of great importance to synthetic chemists in academia and industry.
Methodologies in Amine Synthesis: Challenges and Applications Only up-to-date and comprehensive book on the preparation of amines ? one of the most frequently occurring compound classes found in natural products, bioactive molecules, and advanced materials. Presents efficient and useful synthetic methods, highlights opportunities / challenges as well as applications in pharmaceutical chemistry and materials science. Chapters are compiled by well-known experts in the field. One of them edited the previous books
(2001) and
(2007). The book
is a musthave for chemists in academia and industry working in the field of organic synthesis and catalysis, natural product chemistry, drug synthesis and pharmaceutical chemistry, as well as materials science.

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Scheme 111 Cucatalyzed electrophilic amination of silyl enol ethers Source - фото 12

Scheme 1.11 Cu‐catalyzed electrophilic amination of silyl enol ethers.

Source: Modified from Matsuda et al. [19].

Scheme 112 Cucatalyzed electrophilic catalyzed aminoboration of styrenes - фото 13

Scheme 1.12 Cu‐catalyzed electrophilic catalyzed aminoboration of styrenes.

Source: Modified from Matsuda et al. [20].

Scheme 113 Cucatalyzed electrophilic hydroamination of styrenes Source - фото 14

Scheme 1.13 Cu‐catalyzed electrophilic hydroamination of styrenes.

Source: Modified from Miki et al. [21].

Scheme 114 Enantioselective Cucatalyzed electrophilic hydroamination of - фото 15

Scheme 1.14 Enantioselective Cu‐catalyzed electrophilic hydroamination of styrenes.

Source: Miki et al. [21].

Scheme 115 Enantioselective Cucatalyzed electrophilic hydroamination of - фото 16

Scheme 1.15 Enantioselective Cu‐catalyzed electrophilic hydroamination of styrenes.

Source: Modified from Zhu et al. [22].

Scheme 116 Cucatalyzed electrophilic amination of alkynes Source Shi and - фото 17

Scheme 1.16 Cu‐catalyzed electrophilic amination of alkynes.

Source: Shi and Buchwald [23].

Scheme 117 Cucatalyzed annulative electrophilic amination Source Modified - фото 18

Scheme 1.17 Cu‐catalyzed annulative electrophilic amination.

Source: Modified from Matsuda et al. [24].

ortho ‐Alkynyl phenols and anilines can also undergo annulative amination with electrophilic aminating reagents under Cu catalysis. Miura and coworkers have developed conditions for the synthesis of aminated benzofurans and indoles ( Scheme 1.17) [24]. The transformation is operationally simple and proceeds at room temperature. The mechanism was probed and the authors concluded that the most plausible pathway is a nonradical electrophilic amination of the heteroarylcuprate species in the C—N bond‐forming step.

Similar intramolecular reactions can also take place with substrates containing unactivated terminal alkenes. In 2015, the Wang group (Duke University) reported the copper‐catalyzed vicinal diamination of unactivated alkenes with hydroxylamines that is both regio‐ and stereoselective. The first iteration of this reaction takes place on unsaturated amides and gives 4‐amino‐2‐pyrrolidones as the products ( Scheme 1.18) [25]. This transformation is considered to be the first metal‐catalyzed alkene 1,2‐diamination that enables the direct incorporation of an electron‐rich amino group.

In 2016, Wang and coworkers successfully expanded the substrate scope to include unsaturated carboxylic acids, which undergo amino‐lactonization under the reaction conditions ( Scheme 1.19) [26]. The overall transformation allows the practitioner to access quickly and efficiently a wide range of amino‐substituted γ‐ and δ‐lactones as well as 1,2‐amino alcohol derivatives, which are of significant value in the synthesis of natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Scheme 118 Cucatalyzed electrophilic diamination Source Modified from Shen - фото 19

Scheme 1.18 Cu‐catalyzed electrophilic diamination.

Source: Modified from Shen and Wang [25].

An unusual case of ring‐opening amination of cyclopropanols has been reported by the Dai group [27]. In this reaction, a base‐initiated ring‐opening of cyclopropanol generates a carbanion nucleophile, which participates in the Cu‐catalyzed electrophilic amination and affords β‐aminoketones as products ( Scheme 1.20). The catalytic cycle involves the oxidation of the Cu(I) complex to the corresponding Cu(III) species by the hydroxylamine reagent. Next, the Cu(III) intermediate promotes the ring‐opening of the cyclopropanol substrate and the resulting copper‐homoenolate undergoes reductive elimination to form the new C—N bond and to regenerate the catalytically active Cu(I) species. Overall, the transformation proceeds under mild reaction conditions and it is also compatible with a number of sensitive functionalities such as esters, epoxides, and unsaturated carbonyl compounds.

With electron‐deficient arenes, direct C–H amination is also possible. Miura and coworkers have reported the Cu‐catalyzed direct C–H amination using benzoyl hydroxylamines as aminating reagents ( Scheme 1.21) [28]. Electron‐deficient aromatic substrates such as fluoroarenes, oxadiazoles, and thiazoles can be directly aminated to furnish the corresponding aryl and heteroaryl amines. The Yotphan group later expanded the substrate scope to include benzoxazoles [29], while the Li group applied the reaction to enable the C–H amination of quinoline N ‐oxide [30].

Scheme 119 Cucatalyzed electrophilic aminolactonization Source Modified - фото 20

Scheme 1.19 Cu‐catalyzed electrophilic amino‐lactonization.

Source: Modified from Hemric et al. [26].

Scheme 120 Cucatalyzed ringopening amination Source Modified from Ye and - фото 21

Scheme 1.20 Cu‐catalyzed ring‐opening amination.

Source: Modified from Ye and Dai [27].

Scheme 121 Cucatalyzed CH amination of heterocycles Source Matsuda et al - фото 22

Scheme 1.21 Cu‐catalyzed C–H amination of heterocycles.

Source: Matsuda et al. [28].

1.3 Electrophilic Amination Reactions Catalyzed by Other Transition Metals

Although the current focus of TM‐catalyzed electrophilic amination is copper catalysis, other transition metal complexes are also capable of serving as catalysts in these reactions.

Complexes of both Ni and Co can catalyze the electrophilic amination of organozinc reagents. The reaction mechanism is similar to the Cu‐catalyzed reactions; that is, the N—O or N—Cl bond of the aminating reagent undergoes cleavage when the metal enters into it via oxidative addition. The Johnson [31], Jarvo [32], and Knochel [33] groups reported their findings in several publications ( Scheme 1.22).

J.‐Q. Yu and coworkers (The Scripps Research Institute) have successfully combined the Pd‐catalyzed C–H activation and electrophilic amination. Both sp 2( Scheme 1.23) and sp 3( Scheme 1.24) C—H bonds can be aminated with this process. Mechanistically, these reactions proceed via a Pd(II)/Pd(IV) cycle: after the C–H activation, the resulting Pd(II) complex oxidatively inserts into the N—O bond of the aminating reagent, which is followed by a reductive elimination to form the new C—N bond. In some cases, it is necessary to add a Ag(I) salt as a sacrificial oxidant to help establish the catalytic cycle [34, 35].

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