Joseph Kraynak - Oceans For Dummies

9 Part 5: Understanding the Human-Ocean Connection Chapter 18: Taking a Quick Dip into the History of Underwater Exploration Getting to the Bottom of Things Setting Up Shop in Underwater Research Stations Checking Out Other Ocean Monitoring Gadgets and Technologies Chapter 19: Tapping the Ocean’s Resources: The Blue Economy Supplying the World’s Seafood Diet Tapping the Sea as a Source for Fresh Water Shipping Goods ‘Round the World Digging Up Gold, Diamonds, and Other Valuables: Deep-Sea Mining Harnessing the Ocean’s Energy Resources Discovering New Medications Capitalizing on Tourism and Recreation Accounting for a Few Ancillary Ocean Benefits Chapter 20: Governing the Ocean: Treaties, Laws, Agreements, and Enforcement Recognizing the Two Systems of Law That Govern the Seas Establishing Sovereign and International Jurisdictions Policing the Ocean and Enforcing the Laws Chapter 21: Taking Care of the Ocean That Takes Care of Us Keeping Tabs on Ocean Health Zeroing in on the Problems Coming Up with Solutions

10 Part 6: The Part of Tens Chapter 22: Ten Deadly Ocean Creatures Saltwater Crocodiles Fugu Fish Killer Whales Blue-Ringed Octopus Sea Snake Stone Fish Sharks (But Not All of Them) Cone Snails Box Jellyfish Humans Chapter 23: Ten Ocean Myths Busted Melting Sea Ice Increases Sea Levels Sharks Must Swim Constantly to Survive Some Penguins Can Fly Salt Water Kills Bacteria Seawater Is Just Salty Water Waterspouts Are Tornadoes Over Water The Great Pacific Garbage Patch Is a Solid Mat of Plastic All Jellies Can Sting Humans The Ocean Is Blue Because It Reflects the Color of the Sky Nothing Lives in the Middle of the Ocean Chapter 24: Ten Ways You Can Help Preserve the Ocean Reduce Your Carbon Footprint Steer Clear of Plastics Make Sustainable Seafood Choices Use Ocean-Friendly Sunscreen Don’t Buy Products That Exploit Marine Life Vote for the Ocean with an Environmental Conscience Defend Your Drain: Use Natural Products Protect Your Local Watershed Make It a Family Affair Join and Support Ocean Conservation Organizations

11 Index

12 About the Authors

13 Connect with Dummies

14 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 12TABLE 12-1 Gauging the Risk of Death from Shark Attack

1 Chapter 1FIGURE 1-1: The ocean’s five “oceans.” FIGURE 1-2: The hydrologic (water) cycle.

2 Chapter 3FIGURE 3-1: Trilobite fossil. FIGURE 3-2: Artist rendering of a Pikaia with a jellyfish. FIGURE 3-3: Artist rendition of a sea scorpion (eurypterid). FIGURE 3-4: Modern Day Nautilus, which is still surprisingly similar to what th...FIGURE 3-5: An average, everyday plesiosaur. FIGURE 3-6: Fish catch in the Florida Keys 1957. FIGURE 3-7: Fish catch in the Florida Keys 1980s. FIGURE 3-8: Fish catch in the Florida Keys 2007.

3 Chapter 4FIGURE 4-1: The ocean’s horizontal zones. FIGURE 4-2: The ocean’s vertical zones. FIGURE 4-3: Plankton. FIGURE 4-4: Sea turtle. FIGURE 4-5: Tuna. FIGURE 4-6: Swordfish. FIGURE 4-7: Ctenophores. FIGURE 4-8: The gulper eel; say ahh! FIGURE 4-9: Dumbo Octopus; isn’t she (or he) cute? FIGURE 4-10: The tripod fish. FIGURE 4-11: Viperfish (Chauliodus sloani) — look at those teeth!!! FIGURE 4-12: A sea cucumber. FIGURE 4-13: Tube worms.

4 Chapter 5FIGURE 5-1: The innkeeper worm. FIGURE 5-2: Terminal bullethead parrotfish headed in for a bite of coral. FIGURE 5-3: A collection of large and small barnacles. FIGURE 5-4: Chiton clinging to rocks. FIGURE 5-5: An estuarine crocodile (a.k.a. saltwater crocodile). FIGURE 5-6: This small mangrove cluster off the coast of Saudi Arabia already s...FIGURE 5-7: Shafts of light stream down through the canopy of a kelp forest off...FIGURE 5-8 Weedy sea dragon off the southern coast of Australia. FIGURE 5-9: Too cute — mother and baby sea otter. FIGURE 5-10: The sargassum anglerfish. FIGURE 5-11: Manatee and calf. FIGURE 5-12: Each oval structure houses an individual coral polyp. FIGURE 5-13: Coral reefs like this one off the coast of Saudi Arabia are rich i...FIGURE 5-14: Ashlan in Antarctica in front of Mount Erebus. FIGURE 5-15: Philippe in the Arctic with a boat trapped in sea ice behind him. FIGURE 5-16: A black smoker community comprised of giant red tubeworms and hund...

5 Chapter 6FIGURE 6-1: Earth’s crust rides atop the upper mantle. FIGURE 6-2: Three types of tectonic plate boundaries. FIGURE 6-3: Topographical features of the seafloor.

6 Chapter 7FIGURE 7-1: A variety of ocean bacteria. FIGURE 7-2: The deep-sea coral, Chrysogorgia , under regular white light (left) ...FIGURE 7-3: A sample energy pyramid. FIGURE 7-4: A sample marine food chain. FIGURE 7-5: A sample marine food web. FIGURE 7-6: A close-up of the head of an arrow worm (Sagitta) . FIGURE 7-7: A copepod with eggs. FIGURE 7-8: Octopus larva — isn’t it cute? You can clearly see that this is a l...

7 Chapter 8FIGURE 8-1: Kelp attached to the seafloor by its holdfast. FIGURE 8-2: Various types of algae in a tidal pool. FIGURE 8-3: Wagon wheel diatom — a real beauty! FIGURE 8-4: Beach littered with dead fish and other sea creatures after a HAB. FIGURE 8-5: Prop roots in action. FIGURE 8-6: Seagrass. FIGURE 8-7: A salt marsh.

8 Chapter 9FIGURE 9-1: Water and nutrients flow through a sponge. FIGURE 9-2: Yellow calcareous sponges with a diamondback tritonia nudibranch in...FIGURE 9-3: A large barrel sponge with a rock hind grouper sitting inside. FIGURE 9-4: A delicate glass sponge. FIGURE 9-5: Radial versus bilateral symmetry. FIGURE 9-6: A Portuguese man o’ war. FIGURE 9-7: A clownfish makes itself at home in a sea anemone. FIGURE 9-8: The underside of a sea star showing its tubed feet. FIGURE 9-9: Brittle stars. FIGURE 9-10: Sea urchin and sand dollar.FIGURE 9-11: A feather star perched on a sea fan and a sea lily photographed in...FIGURE 9-12: A sea cucumber. FIGURE 9-13: Christmas tree worms.

9 Chapter 10FIGURE 10-1: The hypothetical ancestral mollusc (HAM). FIGURE 10-2: An abalone. FIGURE 10-3: A queen conch. FIGURE 10-4: A cone snail. FIGURE 10-5: A limpet grazing on algae; notice the scoured rock behind it where...FIGURE 10-6: A small gallery of nudibranchs.FIGURE 10-7: A giant clam. FIGURE 10-8: A scallop has “eyes.” FIGURE 10-9: An octopus. FIGURE 10-10: Squid hatching from clusters of eggs. FIGURE 10-11: A flamboyant cuttlefish. FIGURE 10-12: A nautilus.

10 Chapter 11FIGURE 11-1: A female water flea carrying eggs. FIGURE 11-2: Leptostraca. FIGURE 11-3: A mantis shrimp. FIGURE 11-4: A giant isopod. FIGURE 11-5: Krill with phytoplankton clearly visibly in its stomach. FIGURE 11-6: A red night shrimp. FIGURE 11-7: An American lobster. FIGURE 11-8: A hermit crab. FIGURE 11-9: Philippe holding a coconut crab. FIGURE 11-10: A copepod. FIGURE 11-11: A horseshoe crab.

11 Chapter 12FIGURE 12-1: A lamprey’s mouth. FIGURE 12-2: The largest fish in the sea, the whale shark, followed by a diver ...FIGURE 12-3: The bull shark — salt water, fresh water, no problem. (This photo ...FIGURE 12-4: The mako shark is known for its speed and athleticism. FIGURE 12-5: A lone great hammerhead shark. FIGURE 12-6: Schooling hammerheads. FIGURE 12-7: The great white shark. FIGURE 12-8: A group of stingrays. FIGURE 12-9: A manta ray, sometimes called a devil ray. FIGURE 12-10: A male skate. FIGURE 12-11: A long-nosed chimaera. FIGURE 12-12: Ray-finned and lobe-finned fish compared. FIGURE 12-13: A sunfish. FIGURE 12-14: A striped marlin feeding on a bait ball. FIGURE 12-15: A female anglerfish — notice its “fishing pole” appendage is angl...FIGURE 12-16: Seahorses are the cutest critters, and pygmy seahorses are the cu...FIGURE 12-17: Mr. Mom, the jawfish, incubating the fertilized eggs. FIGURE 12-18: Ashlan and a Nassau grouper. FIGURE 12-19: Gombessa, the local name for the South African coelacanth.

12 Chapter 13FIGURE 13-1: An adult leatherback. FIGURE 13-2: A green sea turtle. FIGURE 13-3: A hawksbill. FIGURE 13-4: A loggerhead with a small fish sheltering from predators underneat...FIGURE 13-5: A Kemp’s ridley makes its way back to sea. FIGURE 13-6: A baby green sea turtle. FIGURE 13-7: Turtle with boat scars; fortunately, this one survived. FIGURE 13-8: A banded sea krait pretending to be a sea snake. FIGURE 13-9: A marine iguana sunning on rocks. FIGURE 13-10: A saltwater crocodile.