Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture

81 Chapter 8.3Figure 1 Translucency of silica‐aerogel granulates where Rayleigh scattering...Figure 2 Growing interest in silica aerogels as illustrated first by patents...Figure 3 Sol–gel synthesis of a surface‐modified aerogel.Figure 4 Microstructure of a typical silica aerogel. (a) Pearl‐necklace stru...Figure 5 Surface chemistry of a TEOS‐based silica aerogel. (a) As probed by ...Figure 6 Minimum in the thermal conductivity of aerogels at intermediate den...Figure 7 Density‐dependent uniaxial compression curves for silica aerogels [...Figure 8 Some applications of silica aerogels. (a) Building retrofit with He...

82 Chapter 8.4Figure 1 Decreasing concentrations of modifier ions (spheres) and increasing...Figure 2 Schematic of the sol–gel process and foaming step that can be intro...Figure 3 Four typical initial ion release profiles for dynamic dissolution e...Figure 4 Time point of first apatite formation for Na 2O–CaO–SiO 2silicate gl...Figure 5 (a) Apatite surface layer formed on the fluoride‐containing bioacti...Figure 6 (a) Histomorphological results showing calcein fluorescence‐labeled...Figure 7 Healing of infection and inflammation of bone marrow ( osteomyelitis Figure 8 Scaffolds prepared from melt‐derived bioactive glass by (a) gel‐cas...Figure 9 Scanning electron microscope images of a dentine disc at seven days...

83 Chapter 8.5Figure 1 Glass‐ceramics for dental restoration. (a) Dental bridge, lithium d...Figure 2 Leucite‐based glass‐ceramics used in IPS Empress®. (a) Crystal stru...Figure 3 From crystal structure to glass‐ceramics. Reproduced from [1] with ...Figure 4 Crystal structure of fluorapatite. Reproduced from [1] with permiss...

84 Chapter 8.6Figure 1 Relaxation in molecular liquids at different temperatures. (a) Norm...Figure 2 Crossover from simple dynamics at highest temperature to glassy dyn...Figure 3 Relaxation in molecular liquids in different representations. (a) D...Figure 4 Relaxation at different temperatures and pressures: isochronal supe...Figure 5 Reorientational correlation times of molecular liquids (solid symbo...Figure 6 Reorientational correlation times of molecular liquids. (a) Arrheni...Figure 7 Relaxation times at different temperatures and pressures: temperatu...Figure 8 Molecular dynamics simulations of spatially heterogeneous dynamics ...Figure 9 Molecular dynamics simulations of highly mobile particles in a mono...Figure 10 Number of dynamically correlated molecules in various glass‐formin...Figure 11 Molecular dynamics simulations of confined water. (a) Snapshot of ...Figure 12 Double glass transition in binary mixtures. (a) 2‐Methyltetrahydro...Figure 13 Dielectric relaxation of small molecules in dynamically asymmetric...Figure 14 Dynamics of 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran either pure or in a mixture wi...Figure 15 Indication of pronounced dynamic heterogeneities in binary glass f...Figure 16 Double relaxation of sorbitol: α ‐ and β ‐process. (a) Evi...Figure 17 Johari–Goldstein relaxation observed in 2H NMR solid‐echo spectra ...Figure 18 Relaxation in plastic crystals. (a) Time constants of the α ‐ ...Figure 19 Lack of secondary relaxation apparent in broadband dielectric spec...Figure 20 The 90° jumps of cyanoadamantane molecules in the plastic crystal ...

85 Chapter 8.7Figure 1 Schematic representation of the succession of three (─C─C─) skeleta...Figure 2 Schematic representation of the mean potential energy of rotation o...Figure 3 Mean effects of topological restraints exerted on a chain are schem...Figure 4 Glass transition as detected in measurements of the specific volume...Figure 5 Schematic variations of typical numerical values of elastic moduli ...Figure 6 Schematic variations of the tangent of the loss angle across the te...Figure 7 Porous, hollow Dralon© fiber prepared from polyacronitrile [(C 3H 3N)

86 Chapter 8.8Figure 1 Schulz–Flory distribution for polymers with a degree of polymerizat...Figure 2 Schematic representation of the chain‐growth (top) and step‐growth ...Figure 3 The three main phases of free‐radical polymerization illustrated by...Figure 4 The greater variety of molecular architectures obtained by binary c...Figure 5 Terminal model of binary copolymerization. The four possible combin...Figure 6 The three principal stereoisomers made from vinyl monomers with a s...Figure 7 Chain‐growth mechanism exemplified by the ring‐opening polymerizati...Figure 8 Step‐growth polymerization as described by the Carothers equation (...Figure 9 Preparation of poly(vinyl acetate) and subsequent polymer analogous...Figure 10 Rate of polymerization as a function of monomer conversion (a) at ...Figure 11 Relation between T gand T mfor selected polymers, most linear homo...

87 Chapter 8.9Figure 1 Structure of glasses, silicones, and organic polymers, which can be...Figure 2 Examples of different precursor types (I–III) for sol–gel/hybrid ma...Figure 3 Resulting properties of IOP by the modification of ≡Si–O–Si≡ networ...Figure 4 Two‐step formation reactions of inorganic and organic networks of i...Figure 5 Ashby plot for the Young's modulus–density relationship of various ...Figure 6 Conservation of a historic glass window at the Herrgottskirche (Cre...Figure 7 Micro‐Raman spectra of exposed coating material (top curve) and fre...Figure 8 Low‐energy hybrid polymer coating on glass: liquid droplet on the r...Figure 9 Corrosion protection through hybrid polymer on copper substrates: l...Figure 10 Bifunctional precursors for inorganic–organic polymer designed for...Figure 11 Scanning electron micrograph of a plasma‐deposited inorganic–organ...Figure 12 Scanning electron microphotograph of an inorganic–organic polymer ...

88 Section IXFigure 1 Domestic waste transformed into a piece of abstract glass art: opti...

89 Chapter 9.1Figure 1 Glass staircase, Apple Store, West 14th Street, New York; Eckersley...Figure 2 Glass façade with glass fins, Thomson Reuters Building, New York....Figure 3 Glass roof beams, Medical School, Glasgow; ARUP.Figure 4 Full glass structure including columns, beams, and stability walls....Figure 5 Sainsbury Art Centre (Norman Foster). Early example of structural g...Figure 6 Serres of the National Museum of Science, Technology and Industry i...Figure 7 Glass foot bridge, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Kraaijvanger Urbis, ...Figure 8 Weibull plot (see Chapter 3.11) for glass panels tested either stan...Figure 9 Schematic representation of the thermal tempering process [13].Figure 10 Through the thickness stress profiles of strengthened glass, from ...Figure 11 Fracture pattern of (a) annealed, (b) heat‐strengthened, and (c) f...Figure 12 Principle of the alternative load‐path design in the hanging glass...Figure 13 (a) Wolfson Building glass roof, Glasgow, UK, (b) schematic sectio...Figure 14 Examples of point‐fittings in glass façade. (a) Clamped point‐fitt...Figure 15 Schematic overview of point fittings for glazing. (a) Clamped, (b)...Figure 16 Schematic overview of required allowable in‐plane movements of poi...Figure 17 Through‐bolt connection. For laminated glass alternative, see [2]....Figure 18 Friction grip connection. For laminated glass alternative, see [2]...Figure 19 Spliced beam‐column connections. (a–c) Principles, based on [1]; (...Figure 20 Splice‐laminated large‐span (21 m) glass beam, (a) overall view an...Figure 21 Curved glass envelope realized by means of cold bent glass, Strasb...Figure 22 Cast glass block facade, Crystal Houses, Amsterdam, (a) overview, ...Figure 23 Glass beam with adhesively bonded steel flanges [33].Figure 24 Reinforced glass beams: (a) schematic section and side view, showi...Figure 25 Metal wire mesh or perforated thin metal plate reinforcement embed...

90 Chapter 9.2Figure 1 Optical sketch for the formation of the ghost image through a winds...Figure 2 Microscopic craters and scratches on the windshield surface of a 20...Figure 3 The differing breakage modes of car glazing: (a) broken tempered si...Figure 4 Effect of iron doping on the transmission of near‐infrared radiatio...Figure 5 Effect of glass lamination with PVB on sound‐transmission loss at 2...Figure 6 IR absorbance (resp., emittance) of flat glass for different thickn...Figure 7 Sketch for the genesis of tempering stress upon cooling of a glass ...Figure 8 Fragmentation of tempered glass as a function of tensile core stres...Figure 9 Sketch of a machine for shaping and simultaneous tempering of sidel...Figure 10 Strain pattern caused by an anisotropic heterogeneity of the resid...Figure 11 Sketch of tunnel furnace (a) and tooling (b) for windshield shapin...