A. Kayode Coker - Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook

2 2. For 3.8–38 m3 (1000–10,000 gal.), use horizontal tanks on concrete supports.

3 3. Beyond 38 m3 (10,000 gal.) use vertical tanks on concrete foundations.

4 4. Liquids subject to breathing losses may be stored in tanks with floating or expansion roofs for conservation.

5 5. Freeboard is 15% below 1.9 m3 (500 gal.) and 10% above 1.9 m3 (500 gal.) capacity.

6 6. A 30-day capacity often is specified for raw materials and products but depends on connecting transportation equipment schedules.

7 7. Capacities of storage tanks are at least 1.5 times the size of connecting transportation equipment; for instance, 28.4-m3 (7500 gal.) tanker trucks, 130-m3 (34,500 gal.) rail cars, and virtually unlimited barge and tanker capacities.

Source : The above mentioned rules of thumb have been adapted from Walas, S.M., Chemical Process Equipment: Selection and Design , copyright 1988 with permission from Elsevier, all rights reserved.

Physical Properties Heuristics.

Source : Turton, R. et al ., Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Process , Prentice Hall International Series, 2001.

Typical Physical Property Variations with Temperature and Pressure.

	Liquids	Liquids	Gases	Gases
Property	Temperature	Pressure	Temperature	Pressure
Density		Negligible	ρ g= MW P / ZRT	ρ g= MW P / ZRT
Viscosity	μ 1= Ae B/T	Negligible		Significant only for >10 bar
Vapor pressure	P* = ae b/(T+c)	–	–	–

Note : T is temperature (K), T cis the critical Temperature (K), T bis the normal boiling point (K), MV is molecular weight, P is pressure, Z is compressibility, R is the gas constant, and P * is the vapor pressure.

Source : Turton, R. et al ., Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes , Prentice Hall International Series, 2001.

Capacities of Process Units in Common Usagea.

aMost of the limits for equipment sizes shown here correspond to the limits used in the costing program (CAPCOST.BAS).

b Maximum temperature and pressure are related to the materials of construction and may differ from values shown here.

c For 20 < L/D < 30 special design may be required. Diameter up to 7 m possible but over 4 m must be fabricated on site.

d Power values refer to fluid/pumping power.

e Power values refer to shaft power.

Source : Turton, R. et al ., Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes , Prentice Hall International Series, 2001.