Industrial Carbon and Graphite Materials

27 Chapter 12-1Figure 12.1.1 Unidirectional and quasi‐isotropic laminates.Figure 12.1.2 The principle of hand lamination. (a) fiber mat, (b) fiber fab...Figure 12.1.3 Various types of weaves. (a) Plain, (b) 2/2 twill, (c) mock le...Figure 12.1.4 Principle of pultrusion and filament winding. (A) Vertical pul...Figure 12.1.5 Lamination of an aerospace component by prepreg technology....Figure 12.1.6 Example of a tow‐placement facility.Figure 12.1.7 Typical vacuum bagging setup for autoclave curing.Figure 12.1.8 Typical autoclave cycle.Figure 12.1.9 Principle of a manufacturing device for non‐crimped fabric pro...Figure 12.1.10 Example of a 3D braiding machine.Figure 12.1.11 Typical profiles realized by 3D braiding.Figure 12.1.12 Robot‐assisted tunnel braider.Figure 12.1.13 Manufacturing of complex profiles by braiding and folding.Figure 12.1.14 Typical embroidery machine and preform examples.Figure 12.1.15 Stitching of basic preforms to realize integrated textile str...Figure 12.1.16 Example of a highly integrated preforms based on stitched bas...Figure 12.1.17 Various single‐side stitching heads.Figure 12.1.18 Fiber geometry of various 3D stitching technologies.Figure 12.1.19 Setup of the vacuum‐assisted process (VAP) for preform inject...Figure 12.1.20 Process chain for manufacturing continuous fiber‐reinforced t...Figure 12.1.21 Impregnation of a woven textile by macro‐ and micro‐impregnat...Figure 12.1.22 Press technologies for manufacturing organic sheets.Figure 12.1.23 Semicontinuous press technology for profile manufacturing.Figure 12.1.24 Thermoforming of organic sheets.Figure 12.1.25 Friction welding of thermoplastic fiber‐reinforced polymer co...Figure 12.1.26 Process description of continuous induction welding.Figure 12.1.27 Combination of forming and joining in one step (tailored blan...Figure 12.1.28 Parts manufactured by hybrid processing of thermoforming and ...Figure 12.1.29 Offline combination of thermoforming and thermoplastic tape p...Figure 12.1.30 Mattheck design model following the example of nature.Figure 12.1.31 Influence of fiber angle on the mechanical performance of com...Figure 12.1.32 Mechanical performance depending on in‐plane fiber orientatio...Figure 12.1.33 Illustration of the major factors influencing the performance...Figure 12.1.34 Crash behavior of a 3D reinforced braided tube.Figure 12.1.35 Some tested crash elements showing the different failure mode...Figure 12.1.36 Cross‐ply laminate (half of the thickness), showing a regular...Figure 12.1.37 Fatigue strength of structural materials relative to their ul...Figure 12.1.38 Development of the use of fiber composites.Figure 12.1.39 Application of composites in the Airbus A380.Figure 12.1.40 Manufacturing of the crash beams of the McLaren Mercedes SLR ...Figure 12.1.41 CFRP layers for high‐performance synchronizer rings in automo...Figure 12.1.42 Wind‐energy economics driven by size.Figure 12.1.43 Performance of various lightweight materials and composites w...Figure 12.1.44 Advantage of CFRP construction elements compared with convent...Figure 12.1.45 (a) KUKA robot with carbon fiber composite arm. (b) CFRP robo...Figure 12.1.46 Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of CFRP as a function ...Figure 12.1.47 (a) CFRP lens mounting and (b) expansion‐free CFRP components...Figure 12.1.48 Examples of CFRP construction elements: (a) CFRP profile made...Figure 12.1.49 CFRP buncher bow for a wire strand machine.Figure 12.1.50 X‐ray transparency of various materials.Figure 12.1.51 X‐ray inspection equipment. (a) C‐ arm system and (b) support...Figure 12.1.52 X‐ray‐transparent head fixation for an operating table.Figure 12.1.53 Robo‐Wrapper for reinforcement of a bridge column with a CFRP...

28 Chapter 12-2Figure 12.2.1 Carbon fiber reinforced carbon: a fracture‐tough ceramic [1]....Figure 12.2.2 Specific mechanical strength as a function of temperature for ...Figure 12.2.3 Multidimensional fiber structures [8].Figure 12.2.4 Specific mechanical strength and stiffness of various fiber ma...Figure 12.2.5 Mechanical strength and elastic modulus as a function of the f...Figure 12.2.6 Influence of graphite additive on the shrinkage behavior of CF...Figure 12.2.7 Pressure dependence of carbon yield for petroleum pitches [4]....Figure 12.2.8 Structure of a pyrolytically deposited carbon coating (typical...Figure 12.2.9 Overview of CFRC manufacturing processes [44].Figure 12.2.10 Equipment for production of solvent‐free phenolic resin prepr...Figure 12.2.11 Mechanical strength of unidirectional CFRC as a function of f...Figure 12.2.12 Curing cycle for the phenolic resin prepreg in the press [50]...Figure 12.2.13 Schematic diagram of a winding machine based on the principle...Figure 12.2.14 Manufacturing a crucible on a five‐axis winding mandrel [44,5...Figure 12.2.15 Schematic of the vacuum bag process [54]. (a) Laminating core...Figure 12.2.16 Vacuum bag component in front of the curing autoclave [44].Figure 12.2.17 A five meter long CFRC mold for superplastic shaping of compo...Figure 12.2.18 A component in the CFRP state with laminated‐on stringers for...Figure 12.2.19 Local reinforcement for the introduction of screw threads [55...Figure 12.2.20 3D net shape fiber structures.Figure 12.2.21 Typical decomposition products in the pyrolysis of phenolic r...Figure 12.2.22 Industrial carbonization ovens for the manufacture of CFRC [1...Figure 12.2.23 Typical impregnation autoclave [5,63].Figure 12.2.24 Light micrograph of carbon fibers with infiltrated pyrocarbon...Figure 12.2.25 Various post‐densification structures with resin, pitch, or p...Figure 12.2.26 Equilibrium concentrations in the C–H system [66].Figure 12.2.27 Fine laminar (a), coarse laminar (b), and isotropic (c) pyroc...Figure 12.2.28 Typical process parameters and thresholds for soot buildup in...Figure 12.2.29 Basic layout of a CVD/CVI process [66]. H heating element. E ...Figure 12.2.30 CVI production plant [74].Figure 12.2.31 Schematic of various principles of chemical vapor infiltratio...Figure 12.2.32 Setup of temperature‐ and pressure‐gradient CVI. (a) Preform ...Figure 12.2.33 Graphitization furnace [44].Figure 12.2.34 Fiber–matrix SEM image. Impregnated carbon in the gap between...Figure 12.2.35 CFRC microstructure with surface‐treated carbon fibers (HTS)....Figure 12.2.36 CFRC microstructure with untreated carbon fibers (HTU): delam...Figure 12.2.37 Unidirectionally reinforced CFRC straps [44].Figure 12.2.38 Dependence of the interlaminar shear strength on bulk density...Figure 12.2.39 Thermal conductivity λ as a function of the temperature ...Figure 12.2.40 Thermal conductivity λ as a function of the temperature for s...Figure 12.2.41 Thermal conductivity λ as a function of temperature for fabri...Figure 12.2.42 Thermal conductivity as a function of the temperature of unid...Figure 12.2.43 Thermal conductivity as a function of temperature for CFRC ma...Figure 12.2.44 Thermal conductivity as a function of temperature for CFRC ma...Figure 12.2.45 Thermal conductivity as a function of temperature of CFRC pro...Figure 12.2.46 Coefficient of thermal expansion as a function of temperature...Figure 12.2.47 Coefficient of thermal expansion as a function of temperature...Figure 12.2.48 Thermal expansion coefficient as a function of temperature fo...Figure 12.2.49 Electrical resistivity as a function of temperature for vario...Figure 12.2.50 Angular dependence of the coefficient of friction μ of u...Figure 12.2.51 Effect of high‐temperature treatment of CFRC on friction coef...Figure 12.2.52 CFRC brake pad for motor racing [130].Figure 12.2.53 Oxidation behavior of CFRC (67 wt% fiber, heat treatment temp...Figure 12.2.54 Oxidation behavior of CFRC for various final heat treatment t...Figure 12.2.55 Isothermal oxidation behavior of CFRC at 650 °C in dry air [1...Figure 12.2.56 Influence of air currents on the oxidation behavior of CFRC a...Figure 12.2.57 Coating system for long‐term oxidation protection of CFRC abo...Figure 12.2.58 Dependence of the interlaminar shear strength of fabric‐reinf...Figure 12.2.59 Force–displacement diagram for a CFRC bending test sample in ...Figure 12.2.60 CFRC fracture mechanics test sample after mode I loading [164...Figure 12.2.61 Compression strength of CFRC according to different standards...Figure 12.2.62 “Elastic moduli” of CFRC under tensile and flexural load, cal...Figure 12.2.63 Values of the tensile and compression strength parallel and p...Figure 12.2.64 Failure body for the Tsai–Wu hypothesisFigure 12.2.65 Longitudinal cracks (fissures) in a loaded CFRC bolt [169].Figure 12.2.66 Comparison of numerically and experimentally obtained elastic...Figure 12.2.67 CFRC pipe test samples in size comparison [161].Figure 12.2.68 Tests conducted on wound CFRC pipe sections [161].Figure 12.2.69 Axial stress along a CFRC tube (outer diameter 324 mm, wall t...Figure 12.2.70 Comparison of the bursting pressure split‐disk tests [161].Figure 12.2.71 CFRC airplane brakes [44].Figure 12.2.72 CFRC expansion nozzle for Hytex engines (manufacturer: SGL Ca...Figure 12.2.73 CFRC nozzle with SiC coating [44].Figure 12.2.74 CFRC test mold for the superplastic deformation of titanium b...Figure 12.2.75 CFRC heating elements [1,44].Figure 12.2.76 CFRC charging rigs [1,44].Figure 12.2.77 CFRC ventilators [1].Figure 12.2.78 CFRC pressing mold for glass manufactured on the basis of car...Figure 12.2.79 CFRC scoop for molten glass [1].Figure 12.2.80 CFRC small parts for the glass industry [1].Figure 12.2.81 CFRC packings for the chemical industry [1,44]. (a) Small siz...Figure 12.2.82 CFRC grate for chemical apparatus [1].Figure 12.2.83 CFRC pipe bend for reactor technology [44].Figure 12.2.84 CFRC tiles for nuclear fusion [1].Figure 12.2.85 CFRC crucible for silicon monocrystal production [44].