Applied Water Science

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Classification of clay minerals.Figure 6.2 Chemical structure of kaolinite clay [16] adapted with permission fro...Figure 6.3 The formation process of chitosan/organic rectorite-Fe 3O 4microsphere...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Effect of pyrolysis temperature on biochar structure.Figure 7.2 X-ray diffractogram of (a) wood and (b) grass biochars generated at t...Figure 7.3 Thermochemical conversion technologies for biomass.Figure 7.4 SEM images of Douglas fir wood (a), Douglas fir bark (b), and hybrid ...Figure 7.5 Different functional groups present on the surface of biochar prepari...Figure 7.6 FTIR-ATR spectra of biomasses and their respective biochars produced ...Figure 7.7 van Krevelen diagram of different biochars produced from a wide range...Figure 7.8 Novel magnetic biochar material derived from waste banana pseudo stem...Figure 7.9 Structural characteristics of biochar-graphene nanosheet composites a...Figure 7.10 SEM images of BC (A), MgFe 2O 4(B), MgFe 2O 4-BC (C), BM-La(b) (D), MgF...Figure 7.11 Photocatalytic mechanism scheme and charge transfer of the biochar@ ...Figure 7.12 Sorption mechanisms for biochar-supported materials contaminants upt...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Metabolic pathways according to the availability and utilization of o...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Functioning of a biosensor [25].Figure 9.2 Representation of SPR sensor.

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Schematic diagram showing all the active species responsible for sca...Figure 10.2 Multifunctional activity of ROS-scavenging in Pt nanoparticles [8]. ...Figure 10.3 Correlation between time and the hydrogen content of three different...Figure 10.4 Diagram showing the comparable increase of TH-positive neurons at 0....Figure 10.5 Decrease in serum histamine for the mice were given hydrogen-rich wa...Figure 10.6 Changes in rat body weight after 30 Gy local head and neck radiation...Figure 10.7 Photographs and percentages showing the healing of mice palatal woun...Figure 10.8 A schematic diagram showing the setup of the hemodialysis system tha...Figure 10.9 A summary of the positive health effects of hydrogen-rich water [8].

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Enzymatic biosynthesis pathway of H 2S in vital cell. 3-MST, 3-mercap...Figure 11.2 Nonenzymatic biosynthesis pathway of H 2S in vital cell. Modified aft...Figure 11.3 The important roles of H 2S to improve plant tolerance against variou...Figure 11.4 Some metabolic and signaling routes against salinity stress. ABA, ab...Figure 11.5 (a) Effect of NaHS treatment on the sprouting of wheat under normal ...Figure 11.6 H 2S defense mechanism to ameliorate plant tolerance under various st...Figure 11.7 Summary of obtained results about the effects of NaHS treatment on t...Figure 11.8 Removal efficiency for 100 mg/L of various heavy metals by Phaneroch...Figure 11.9 Superoxide dismutase (a) and catalase (b) activity for NaHS treatmen...Figure 11.10 Comparison of NaHS and some salts (containing sodium and sulfide co...Figure 11.11 Arsenic removal efficiency by enargite leaching with NaHS-NaOH solu...Figure 11.12 Effect of NaHS level on copper precipitation efficiency at 20°C and...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Natural radiation exposure [11].Figure 12.2 Significant radionuclides in water supply [18].

13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Design of limestone bed treatment plant.

14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Sources and pathways of heavy metals in environment [5].Figure 15.2 Effect of heavy metals on human being [11].

15 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 (a-c) Represents the availability and type of water on earth crust.Figure 18.2 Variation in DO profile during BOD test with duration of incubation.Figure 18.3 Oxygen demand for nitrification in BOD test.Figure 18.4 Correlation between BOD and COD for sewage at 20°C.Figure 18.5 Schematic diagram of the wastewater treatment plant.Figure 18.6 Processes involved in waste water treatment.Figure 18.7 Flowchart showing the reactions pathway involved in an anaerobic dig...Figure 18.8 Conventional activated sludge process.Figure 18.9 Spray tower.

1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Some examples of the application of SPME and SBSE for the analysis of ...Table 1.2 Some examples of the application of SPE for the analysis of PAEs in wa...Table 1.3 Some examples of the application of other sorbent-based extraction tec...

2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Human exposure assessment and health risk assessment for pharmaceutica...

3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 The functions of individual chambers are as follows.Table 3.2 Physical and chemical method of oil-water separation [Permission taken...Table 3.3 Typical filtration-based oil/water separation materials fabricated by ...

4 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Dye removal capacities of raw and modified clays.Table 6.2 Removal of dyes using clay-modified catalysts via Fenton process under...

5 Chapter 7Table 7.1 The difference between the three types of pyrolysis process.

6 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Concentrations of pollutants in swine wastewater.Table 8.2 Common microorganisms encountered in biological wastewater treatment.

7 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Influence of NaHS treatment on the sprouting and growing of wheat wit...Table 11.2 Influence of NaHS treatment on sprouting and growing of wheat under 0...Table 11.3 Summary of some studies about the effects of pretreatment of seeds wi...Table 11.4 Researches emphasizing the essential role of H,S in erection response...Table 11.5 Summary of several researches for H2S treatment and its level to impr...Table 11.6 The precipitation efficiency of copper and arsenic during enargite le...Table 11.7 The effect of NaHS concentration on the recovery efficiency for chalc...

8 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Natural isotopes of uranium and their characteristics are illustrated...Table 12.2 Natural isotopes of uranium and their characteristics are illustrated...Table 12.3 Radium natural isotopes and their characteristics are demonstrated as...Table 12.4 Radon natural isotopes and their characteristics are demonstrated as ...Table 12.5 Merits and demerits of various nanomaterials [90].Table 12.6 Efficiency of various water treating technologies [18].

9 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Metal/metalloids contamination in soils usual origination and geochem...Table 15.2 Parameters of risk assessment with standard values [27].

10 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Essential qualities of potable water.Table 16.2 A comparative account of significant water quality index systems.Table 16.3 Sample preservation criteria for water quality analysis.Table 16.4 Drinking water quality standards for significant physico-chemical par...Table 16.5 Requisites for analytical quality assurance.

11 Chapter 17Table 17.1 The effective dose of the radioactive elements and the consumption fo...Table 17.2 The salt taste of water.Table 17.3 The salt taste of water and sodium salts.

12 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Water consumption in various sectors.Table 18.2 Criteria for the physical parameters.Table 18.3 Criteria for the chemical parameters.Table 18.4 Criteria for biological matters.Table 18.5 Relative weight of chemical parameters.Table 18.6 Classification of water quality on the bases of calculating WQI.Table 18.7 Determination of the presence of alkalinity due to different combinat...Table 18.8 Total organic carbon levels in various types of water.

13 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Applications of nanofluids in water treatment.

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