Magnetic Nanoparticles in Human Health and Medicine

13 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Summary of clinical trials on MHT using magnetic nanoparticles.Table 18.2 Nanoparticle constructs utilized for magnetic hyperthermia thera...Table 18.3 Summary of recent studies on magnetic fluid hyperthermia therapy...

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 (a) Schematic field dependencies of magnetization of (I) diamagne... Figure 1.2 Fe 3O 4bulk unit cell (inverse spinel structure). Figure 1.3 (a) Representation of the magnetization vectors ( ) and elementar... Figure 1.4 Magnetic structures of nanoparticles: multidomain nanoparticles w... Figure 1.5 Multidomain magnetic nanoparticles with (a) uniform magnetization... Figure 1.6 (a) Relative saturation magnetization of iron, cobalt, and nickel... Figure 1.7 (a) Specific saturation magnetization as a function of the mean d... Figure 1.8 (a) The crystallographic systems for Ni‐single crystal.(b) Ro... Figure 1.9 The crystallographic systems for Co‐single crystal. Figure 1.10 The crystal approximated by an ellipsoid (general case). Figure 1.11 The orientation of spontaneous magnetization relative to norma... Figure 1.12 (a) Schematic view of the general spin canting geometry (the cor... Figure 1.13 (a) Schematic drawing of a core‐shell structure and (b) transmis... Figure 1.14 (a) Typical hysteresis loop for ferromagnetic materials.(b) ... Figure 1.15 (a) M versus H for (Zn 0.15Ni 0.85Fe 2O 4) 0.15/(SiO 2) 0.85sample.... Figure 1.16 (a) M versus H in low fields and (b) M versus 1 /H in high fields... Figure 1.17 Nanoparticle energy as a function of ψ and φ angles fo... Figure 1.18 Illustration of the two components of the magnetic relaxation of... Figure 1.19 Schematic diagram of a single‐core magnetic nanoparticle. Note t... Figure 1.20 SLP for γ ‐Fe 2O 3nanoparticles. Figure 1.21 Different applications of magnetic NPs. Figure 1.22 A representation of the application of core and shell of magneti...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Example of a NMRD profile for a colloidal suspension of SPIONs sh... Figure 2.2 (a) CT lymphography demonstrated a sentinel node (arrow). (b) The... Figure 2.3 (a) CT lymphography demonstrated a sentinel node (arrow). (b) The... Figure 2.4 MPI‐CT imaging of intravenously injected hMSCs, Resovist, and sal...

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Interactions between magnetic nanoparticles. (a) Schematic illust... Figure 3.2 Electrostatic stabilization of the nanoparticles by (a) Derjaguin... Figure Scheme 3.1 Schematic illustration of magnetic nanoparticles clusterin... Figure 3.3 Schematic illustration of the nanoclusters prepared by encapsulat... Figure 3.4 Schematic illustration of magnetic nanoclusters armed with PD‐1 a...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Stimulus–responsive membrane triggering in vitro of the proposed ...Figure 4.2 Schematic representation of magnet‐scaffold configurations: (a) e...Figure 4.3 Effect of time‐dependent magnetic field on PCL and PCL/Fe 3O 4subs...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Number of published papers in the last decade, according to the W...Figure 5.2 Flowchart representing the main stages of production, scaffolding...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Effect of external magnetic field on hydrogen nuclei associated w...Figure 6.2 Vector diagram of the precessing hydrogen nucleus. At any given i...Figure 6.3 Components of a typical clinical MRI machine. The MRI machine con...Figure 6.4 Effect of RF pulse on longitudinal and transverse magnetization. ...Figure 6.5 Longitudinal and transverse relaxation.Figure 6.6 Basic concepts of electrostatic layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly. In ...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Schematic view for the targeting mechanisms.Figure 7.2 Schematic view for MTD delivery.Figure 7.3 MRI imaging diagnostics mechanism.

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Magnetite magnetic moments from double exchange Fe 3+/Fe 2+in octa...Figure 8.2 SPIONs as function of particle size features: SPIONs show near ze...Figure 8.3 Uniaxial anisotropy and SMDs orientation by magnetic field. SPION...Figure 8.4 Theranostics: hyperthermia + MRI + drug delivery.Figure 8.5 Hyperthermia induction: SPIONs interactions and energy transforma...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Schematic representation of a SPECT detector (left panel) and a P...Figure 9.2 Surface radiolabeling approaches with metallic radioisotopes and ...Figure 9.3 (a) FeHA NPs imaged on a MRI system (top panel) and on a scintigr...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Formation of NPs by reverse micelle.Figure 10.2 Medical applications of MNPs.Figure 10.3 Magnetic particles use as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool.Figure 10.4 A representation showing how drugs are magnetically transported ...Figure 10.5 AMF generator.Figure 10.6 Mechanism of local MNH. The heat sources – ultrasound, microwave...Figure 10.7 Coercitivity size relations in ferromagnetic and superparamagnet...Figure 10.8 Heating mechanisms in response to an AMF.Figure 10.9 How superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic NPs behave when subjecte...Figure 10.10 Synthesis procedure of nanoparticles synthesis from plants.Figure 10.11 Flow reactor system in hydrothermal synthesis.Figure 10.12 Coating and functionalization in magnetic nanoparticles.Figure 10.13 Synthetic outline for functional iron nanoparticles: from synth...Figure 10.14 MFH process.Figure 10.15 Active vs. passive targeting of tumors.

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Scheme of Néel relaxation for particles below 15 nm and consider...Figure 11.2 Brown relaxation scheme for particles below 15 nm and considered...Figure 11.3 Typical morphologies of magnetic composite nanomaterials. Brown ...Figure 11.4 Bioluminescence imaging of intracellular implanted U87 cells in ...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Schematic diagram showing the Brezovich’s limit. The physiologic...Figure 12.2 (a) Temperature variations, as a function of time, for the magne...Figure 12.3 (a) Variations of SAR, as a function of MNP size, for six differ...Figure 12.4 (a) Typical AFM topography image (16 μm×25 μm) for TMAOH coated ...Figure 12.5 (a) Variation of anisotropy energy barrier ( E aniso), as a functi...Figure 12.6 Typical schematic diagram of the experimental set‐up utilized fo...Figure 12.7 Typical time‐temperature curves for the TMAOH coated Fe 3O 4MNPs ...Figure 12.8 Bar charts comparing the SAR values of the random and oriented s...Figure 12.9 (a) Simulated dynamic hysteresis loops (at 126 kHz) for the phos...Figure 12.10 Bar chart comparing the SAR values of the agar immobilized magn...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Schematic representation of the induction electric field ( ) gen...Figure 13.2 Saturation hysteresis loop (black line) and minor loop (red line...Figure 13.3 The single‐ and multidomains magnetic structures of nanoparticle...Figure 13.4 A schematic showing the coercivity ( H c) behavior of a magnetic p...Figure 13.5 (a) Magnetization curve at room temperature; (b) M versus H in l...Figure 13.6 (a) Néel relaxation is the rotation of magnetic moment inside a ...Figure 13.7 Calculated Néel and Brown relaxation times over a range of parti...Figure 13.8 The general structure of a liposome, illustrating a phospholipid...Figure 13.9 (a) Classical MLPs filled with large magnetic nanoparticles repr...Figure 13.10 Molecular structure of γ ‐cyclodextrin.Figure 13.11 Cyclodextrin‐MNP multimodal therapeutic approach.Figure 13.12 (a) Nanoparticle encapsulated in the liposome (MLPs) (Caillaud ...Figure 13.13 Specific loss power for (a) nanoparticles bioconjugated with cy...