Diatom Morphogenesis

11 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 The diversity of biomineralization across the eukaryotes .... with c...Figure 13.2 Light and fluorescence microscopy images of Ulnaria ferefusiformis c...Figure 13.3 Melted silica gel (left) and siliceous diatom frustules (right). Sca...Figure 13.4 Initial 2D stage of valve morphogenesis of the diatom Ulnaria ferefu...Figure 13.5 Typical structure of silaffin chain.Figure 13.6 3D confocal images of siliceous valves of Ulnaria ferefusiformis. Th...Figure 13.7 Condensation of silica nanoparticles under the action of decrease of...Figure 13.8 Proposal for two forms of artificial SDVs (silica deposition vesicle...Figure 13.9 Proposed hierarchical genetic model controlling the synthesis of the...

12 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Lateral valves of A. islandica after cytochalasin D exposure (laser ...Figure 14.2 The structure of girdle bands on the valves of normal (a) and colchi...Figure 14.3 Valve ultrastructure in normal (a–c) and paclitaxel-treated (d–g) E....Figure 14.4 Influence of inhibitors with different mechanisms of action on valve...

13 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Schematic structure of native silaffin-1A1 from C. fusiformis. Catio...Figure 15.2 S N2-like mechanism of silicic acid polycondensation.Figure 15.3 Monomeric silicic acid incorporation on the surface of a silica part...Figure 15.4 Dependence of silicic acid polymerization on solution pH.Figure 15.5 Dependence of silicic acid polymerization on temperature.Figure 15.6 Schematic chemical structures of cationic silicic acid stabilizers. ...Figure 15.7 Ability of cationic polymers to stabilize silicic acid (initial conc...Figure 15.8 Schematic chemical structures of neutral (uncharged) silicic acid st...Figure 15.9 Ability of neutral (uncharged) polymers to stabilize silicic acid (i...Figure 15.10 Schematic chemical structures of zwitterionic silicic acid stabiliz...Figure 15.11 Ability of zwitterionic polymers to stabilize silicic acid (initial...Figure 15.12 Schematic chemical structures of anionic polymers used in blends of...Figure 15.13 Ability of blends of cationic and anionic polymers to stabilize sil...Figure 15.14 Stabilizing interactions of silicic acid with neutral moieties (in ...

14 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 (a) SEM illustrates the muliscalar porosity appearing in valve view ...Figure 16.2 (a) Diagram showing the frustule structure of a centric frustule on ...Figure 16.3 (a) SEM of the external valve face of the raphid pennate diatom Nitz...Figure 16.4 A schematic diagram representing the loculate areolae (a) and puncta...Figure 16.5 A transmission electron micrograph (TEM) showing a cross section thr...Figure 16.6 Scanning and transmission electron micrographs showing different typ...Figure 16.7 Some examples of non-spherical mesoporous silica structures. Adapted...Figure 16.8 Different applications of mesoporous silica. From [16.80] under a Cr...Figure 16.9 Two TEMs for a comparison between (a) synthetic MSMs with diameter 2...Figure 16.10 A schematic diagram of the concept of engineering diatom ultrastruc...

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 A summary of the major tools used to study diatom frustule morphology ...

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 List of species considered and thumbnail, masked image examples for al... Table 2.2 Valve formation simulation for eight centric diatom taxa and character...

3 Chapter 6Table 6.1 The comparison of the bare hand measurements of 2D lattice parameters,...Table 6.2 The comparison of the bare hand measurements of 2D lattice parameters...Table 6.3 The comparison of the bare hand measurements of 2D lattice parameters...Table 6.4 The lattice parameters and lattice types found in some of the studied ...Table 6.5 A comparison between different 2D group arrays within the same microg...

4 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Terms with parameters and coefficients of the z -equations for centric ...Table 7.2 Ensemble surface features, mathematical operator, and numerical result...

5 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Parametric 3D equations on the interval for a non-buckled disk and e...Table 8.2 Parametric 2D equations on the interval for non-buckled and buckled ...Table 8.3 Eigenvalues from upper Hessenberg matrices for centric diatom exemplar...

6 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Circular centric diatom Stephanodiscus sp. and surfaces of revolution.Table 9.2 Polynomials and coefficients of determination for centric valve profil...Table 9.3 Polynomials and coefficients of determination for one valve profile fo...Table 9.4 Length profiles normalized to 1 for nth-order polynomial curve fits in...

7 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Summary of studies on the optical properties of different diatoms and...

8 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Chemical composition of Ulnaria ferefusiformis [13.196] frustules cle...

9 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Effects of various cytoskeleton inhibitors on valve morphogenesis of ...

10 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Major classes of microorganisms with porous siliceous structures. Exa...

1 v

2 ii

3 iii

4 iv

5 xv

6 xvi

7 1

8 3

9 4

10 5

11 6

12 7

13 8

14 9

15 10

16 11

17 12

18 13

19 14

20 15

21 16

22 17

23 18

24 19

25 20

26 21

27 22

28 23

29 24

30 25

31 26

32 27

33 28

34 29

35 30

36 31

37 32

38 33

39 34

40 35

41 36

42 37

43 38

44 39

45 40

46 41

47 42

48 43

49 44

50 45

51 46

52 47

53 48

54 49

55 50

56 51

57 52

58 53

59 54

60 55

61 56

62 57

63 58

64 59

65 60

66 61

67 62

68 63

69 64

70 65

71 66

72 67

73 69

74 70

75 71

76 72

77 73

78 74

79 75

80 76

81 77

82 78

83 79

84 80

85 81

86 82

87 83

88 84

89 85

90 86

91 87

92 88

93 89

94 90

95 91

96 92

97 93

98 94

99 95

100 96

101 97

102 98

103 99

104 100

105 101

106 102

107 103

108 104

109 105

110 107

111 108

112 109

113 110

114 111

115 112

116 113

117 114

118 115

119 116

120 117

121 118

122 119

123 120

124 121

125 122

126 123

127 124

128 125

129 126

130 127

131 128

132 129

133 130

134 131

135 132

136 133

137 134

138 135

139 136

140 137

141 138

142 139

143 140

144 141

145 142

146 143

147 144

148 145

149 146

150 147

151 148

152 149

153 150

154 151

155 152

156 153

157 154

158 155

159 156

160 157

161 158

162 159

163 160

164 161

165 162

166 163

167 164

168 165

169 166

170 167

171 168

172 169

173 170

174 171

175 172

176 173

177 174

178 175

179 176

180 177

181 178

182 179

183 180

184 181

185 182

186 183

187 184

188 185

189 186

190 187

191 188

192 189

193 190

194 191

195 192

196 193

197 194

198 195

199 196

200 197

201 198

202 199