Medicine and Surgery of Camelids

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Average ambient maximum (A) and minimum (B) temperatures (°F) and... Figure 3.2 Average ambient maximum (A) and minimum (B) temperatures (°C) and... Figure 3.3 Fractionation of dietary crude protein into chemical components a... Figure 3.4 Alpacas grazing on bofedales. The distant slopes are used by llam... Figure 3.5 A diagram illustrating the change in plant composition with the s... Figure 3.6 Alfalfa root nodules containing colonies of nitrogen‐fixing bacte... Figure 3.7 Alfalfa root nodule containing colony of nitrogen‐fixing bacteria... Figure 3.8 Traditional pastoral management of alpacas in the Altiplano regio... Figure 3.9 Obtaining a core sample of hay for analysis of nutrient compositi...Figure 3.10 A thin llama, whose condition is obscured by the fiber coat.Figure 3.11 The vertebral column of the previous thin llama showing atrophy ...Figure 3.12 Mechanical scale that can be used for monitoring body weight.Figure 3.13 Body condition scoring chart.Figure 3.14 Obese female llama.Figure 3.15 Roll of fat on the flank/abdomen of an obese llama.Figure 3.16 Accumulation of retroperitoneal fat from necropsy of an obese ll...Figure 3.17 An alpaca cria with rickets, standing humpbacked and reluctant t...Figure 3.18 An alpaca cria with rickets, spending most of her time recumbent...Figure 3.19 Rachitic rosary at the costochondral junction in rickets. Typica...Figure 3.20 Camel calf with rickets.Figure 3.21 Radiograph of the carpus of a rachitic alpaca shows wide physis,...Figure 3.22 Radiograph of the fetlock of a camel calf with rickets. Note the...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Severely weakened alpacas commonly develop opisthotonos.Figure 4.2 There is a strong correlation between thoracic circumference meas...Figure 4.3 Key locations for evaluating body condition, in order of examinat...Figure 4.4 Auscultation of the heart is best accomplished by placing the ste...Figure 4.5 Diagram showing areas of thoracic auscultation in the llama (a) a...Figure 4.6 Sites for jugular venipuncture in a camelid. (A) High site, (B) M...Figure 4.7 Cross‐section of the cervical region of camelid (left) and true r...Figure 4.8 Anatomic dissection of the cervical region. The jugular vein and ...Figure 4.9 Valves in the jugular vein in the upper neck (arrow).Figure 4.10 Valves in the jugular vein low on the neck (arrows).Figure 4.11 Proximally, the confluence of the linguofacial, maxillary and ca...Figure 4.12 Anatomic dissection of the jugular vein in the cranial cervical ...Figure 4.13 An alpaca is being restrained for right jugular venipuncture. Th...Figure 4.14 Diagram illustrating location for cranial (high) jugular venipun...Figure 4.15 Position for venipuncture in a cria.Figure 4.16 Alternate position for venipuncture in a cria.Figure 4.17 Blood collection from the jugular vein of a camel.Figure 4.18 Lateral thoracic vein of a camel, an alternate site.Figure 4.19 Ear veins on a llama.Figure 4.20 Diagram of the abdominocentesis location. (A) Peritoneum, (B) re...Figure 4.21 Diagram showing location for paracostal abdominocentesis (red ci...Figure 4.22 Positioning for gastric intubation of a neonate llama.Figure 4.23 Small ruminant mouth speculum.Figure 4.24 Regurgitation accompanying gastric intubation of a llama.Figure 4.25 Diagrams of the female and male urethra. I. Schematic of the fem...Figure 4.26 Postmortem dissection of a female camelid's vestibule and vagina...Figure 4.27 Giving an enema to a juvenile with a tube and funnel.Figure 4.28 Giving an enema to a juvenile with a tube and syringe.Figure 4.29 Using a garden hose to give an enema to an adult, light flow of ...Figure 4.30 Hose to the anus but not inserted.Figure 4.31 Using a finger to open the anus.Figure 4.32 Holding the hose next to the anus to allow water to flow in and ...Figure 4.33 Schematic illustrating proper location for thoracocentesis, at t...Figure 4.34 Needle position for collecting a bone marrow sample from the ste...Figure 4.35 Tape can be used to retract the fiber to prepare the skin for st...Figure 4.36 Schematic illustrating the approximate location for obtaining a ...Figure 4.37 Insertion of needle for collection of liver biopsy.Figure 4.38 Liver biopsy sample collected with True‐cut needle.Figure 4.39 Needle inserted into the subarachnoid space of an alpaca. There ...Figure 4.40 Diagram of the atlantooccipital space for cerebrospinal fluid co...Figure 4.41 Diagram illustrating collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the ...Figure 4.42 Lumbosacral space, dorsal view.Figure 4.43 A spinal needle has just been placed at the lumbosacral space. I...Figure 4.44 Diagram illustrating needle placement for shoulder arthrocentesi...Figure 4.45 Diagram illustrating needle placement for elbow arthrocentesis....Figure 4.46 Diagram illustrating needle placement for stifle arthrocentesis....Figure 4.47 Arthrocentesis of the tibiotarsal joint as viewed from the crani...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 An adult llama with a left cranial cruciate ligament rupture and ...Figure 5.2 An adult alpaca right stifle. (a) Craniocaudal view: the R marker...Figure 5.3 An adult llama with severe degenerative joint disease. (a) Latera...Figure 5.4 An immature alpaca with septic arthritis. (a) Craniocaudal view: ...Figure 5.5 Normal carpus from an immature llama. (a and c) Dorsopalmar view....Figure 5.6 Normal left carpus from an immature llama. The left marker is on ...Figure 5.7 An immature llama with a sequestrum and osteomyelitis of the tibi...Figure 5.8 Shoulder luxation in a 6‐year‐old male alpaca. (a) Craniocaudal v...Figure 5.9 Right shoulder luxation in a llama. The lateral images were made ...Figure 5.10 Making shoulder radiographs. (a) Medial‐lateral radiograph of th...Figure 5.11 Making skull radiographs of an adult alpaca. With the exception ...Figure 5.12 Normal skull of an adult alpaca. A mouth gag (an unopened 60 mL ...Figure 5.13 An adult llama with right mandibular second mandibular (410) and...Figure 5.14 Normal skull from an adult llama illustrating the location and a...Figure 5.15 Adult llama with otitis media. (a) Oblique view highlighting a s...Figure 5.16 A transverse CT image of a llama with left otitis media. The nor...Figure 5.17 A craniocaudal view, centered on the right carpus, of an immatur...Figure 5.18 Lateral luxation of the right patella in an adult llama. (a) Cra...Figure 5.19 Immature alpaca with rickets (hypovitaminosis D). (a) Craniocaud...Figure 5.20 Normal alpaca foot. When making radiographs of the foot, it is i...Figure 5.21 Normal immature alpaca tarsus. (a and e) Plantarodorsal projecti...Figure 5.22 Caudocranial projections of a normal adult alpaca shoulder. (a a...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Lateral radiograph of the oropharyngeal region of a llama. The so...Figure 6.2 Lateral radiograph of the oropharyngeal region of a llama with th...Figure 6.3 Positioning a llama for endotracheal intubation following chemica...Figure 6.4 Positioning an alpaca for endotracheal intubation following chemi...Figure 6.5 Visualization of the larynx in an alpaca for endotracheal intubat...Figure 6.6 Long‐bladed laryngoscope used for endotracheal intubation of came...Figure 6.7 Diagram of a method of tracheal intubation. The laryngoscope blad...Figure 6.8 Diagram of a method of tracheal intubation. A plastic catheter is...Figure 6.9 Threading the endotracheal tube over the catheter.Figure 6.10 Inhalation anesthesia in an alpaca.Figure 6.11 Intubation of a camel. Photo A – camel in lateral recumbency fol...Figure 6.12 Recovery of a llama from inhalant anesthesia. Note the nasal pha...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Camelid lice. (a) Chewing louse ( Bovicola breviceps ); note the ro...Figure 7.2 Life cycle of a louse.Figure 7.3 Simple interpretation of the life cycle of a fly ( M. domestica, ...Figure 7.4 Third instar larvae. (X) Oestrus ovis , (Y) Cephenemyia spp., (A) ...Figure 7.5 (a) Third instar larva of Cephenemyia sp. (b) Posterior peritreme...Figure 7.6 Endoscopic view of a Cephenemyia larva in situ in the nasal passa...Figure 7.7 Life cycle of Cephenemyia spp.Figure 7.8 Lateral radiograph of the head of a llama with a Cephenemyia gran...Figure 7.9 Life cycle of Cephalopina titillator .Figure 7.10 Spinose ear tick nymphs.Figure 7.11 Gravid Sarcoptes scabiei .Figure 7.12 Life cycle of Sarcoptes scabiei .Figure 7.13 Sarcoptic mange on the lips of an alpaca.Figure 7.14 Sarcoptic mange in the interdigital space of an alpaca. There is...Figure 7.15 Sarcoptic mange of the caudal abdomen and inguinal region in an ...Figure 7.16 Sarcoptic mange in the perineal region of an alpaca.Figure 7.17 Sarcoptic mange of the prepuce of an alpaca.Figure 7.18 Sarcoptic mange and secondary deep pyoderma and cellulitis affec...Figure 7.19 Male Psoroptes sp. mite. Note elongated capitulum (blue arrow), ...Figure 7.20 High‐power magnification (400×) of the segmented tarsal pedicel ...Figure 7.21 Gravid female Psoroptes sp. mite.Figure 7.22 Male Chorioptes bovis mite from a llama. Note the broad, shorten...Figure 7.23 Copulating adult male (left) and nymphal female Chorioptes bovis Figure 7.24 Chorioptic mange on the perineal area of a llama.Figure 7.25 Chorioptic mange on the ventrum of a llama.Figure 7.26 Encrustations typical of both psoroptic and chorioptic mange.Figure 7.27 Trypanasoma evansi in a camel.Figure 7.28 A camel ill with trypanosomiasis. Weakness, weight loss and incr...Figure 7.29 Life cycle of Eimeria spp.Figure 7.30 Life cycle of Sarcocystis spp.Figure 7.31 Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica .Figure 7.32 Life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus .Figure 7.33 (a) Lesion of E. granulosus in the lung of a camel. (b) Lesion o...Figure 7.34 Appearance of miscellaneous parasite ova on fecal flotation: (a)...Figure 7.35 Predilection sites of common parasites in camelids.Figure 7.36 Life cycle of Ostertagia ostertagi .Figure 7.37 Haemonchus contortus found at necropsy. Note the distinct “barbe...Figure 7.38 Life cycle of Trichostrongylus spp.Figure 7.39 Life cycle of Lamanema chavezi .Figure 7.40 Life cycle of Bunostomum spp.Figure 7.41 Life cycle of Trichuris tenuis .Figure 7.42 Whipworms in the colon of a llama. Ingesta surrounding parasites...Figure 7.43 Whipworms in the colon of a llama. Ingesta washed away.Figure 7.44 Appearance of common nematode ova on fecal flotation: (a). Nemat ...Figure 7.45 McMaster's counting slide with two chambers.Figure 7.46 Example of FAMACHA scoring, this alpaca has a score of 5.Figure 7.47 Life cycle of Dictyocaulus filaria .Figure 7.48 Life cycle of Parelaphostrongylustenuis .Figure 7.49 (a) Yearling female alpaca affected by meningeal worm. Animal is...Figure 7.50 Alpaca with signs of intracranial migration of meningeal worm. N...Figure 7.51 (a) (H&E X10) Cross section of a llama's spinal cord with P. ten ...Figure 7.52 Life cycle of Thelazia californiensis .Figure 7.53 T. californiensis in the conjunctival sac.