Veterinary Surgical Oncology

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 A wedge (a) or rectangular four‐sided (b) excision may be perfor...Figure 12.2 Two‐layer closure for an eyelid defect. (a) Upper eyelid full‐th...Figure 12.3 Advancement graft. (a) Proposed skin incisions following tumor e...Figure 12.4 Rotation flap. Medial canthus is to the right of the picture. (a...Figure 12.5 Semicircular flap technique. Medial canthus is to the left. (a) ...Figure 12.6 Mucocutaneous subdermal plexus flaps (lip‐to‐lid). (a) A full‐th...Figure 12.7 Mucocutaneous subdermal plexus flaps (lip‐to‐lid). (a) The propo...Figure 12.8 Bucket handle flap. (a) The bucket handle flap is prepared by ma...Figure 12.9 Axial pattern flap based on the cutaneous branch of the superfic...Figure 12.10 Cryosurgery is performed on a tumor of the lower eyelid. A chal...Figure 12.11 Sebaceous adenoma of the lower eyelid in a dog.Figure 12.12 Benign tumors of the eyelid in dogs. (a) Benign melanoma; (b) h...Figure 12.13 Subconjunctival approach to enucleation, left eye. (a) A latera...Figure 12.14 Transpalpebral enucleation, left eye. (a) A sharp incision is m...Figure 12.15 Photographs depicting the portion of the skull that is excised ...Figure 12.16 Total orbitectomy performed on a cadaver. (a) A skin incision i...Figure 12.17 Depiction of the landmarks for the osteotomy of the medial wall...Figure 12.18 (a) Surgical site following total orbitectomy. Large arrow poin...Figure 12.19 Photographs depicting the portion of the skull that is excised ...Figure 12.20 Photographs depicting the portion of the skull that is excised ...Figure 12.21 Immediate postoperative appearance of a dog following an extens...Figure 12.22 Appearance of a dog one week following orbitectomy (caudal maxi...Figure 12.23 (a, b) Appearance of a dog one month after hemimaxillectomy and...Figure 12.24 Appearance of a cat two weeks after total orbitectomy for a fib...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 (a and b) Skull photographs showing the hamular process of each ...Figure 13.2 Drawing showing the positioning of the dog on the surgery table....Figure 13.3 Image from CT in a dog showing tumor arising from the right adre...Figure 13.4 Photograph of an adrenocortical carcinoma of the right adrenal g...Figure 13.5 Photograph of an adrenocortical carcinoma from a dog.Figure 13.6 Photograph of a thyroid adenoma (arrow) in a cat. Cranial is to ...Figure 13.7 Photograph showing the position of the animal on the surgery tab...Figure 13.8 (a) and (b) Noninvasive thyroid carcinomas in dogs.Figure 13.9 Images from CT in a dog showing ectopic thyroid tumor involving ...Figure 13.10 Intraoperative photographs of excision of ectopic thyroid tumor...Figure 13.11 Photographs of a parathyroid adenoma in dogs. (a) The parathyro...Figure 13.12 Different intraoperative appearances that an insulinoma can hav...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Example of direct lymphography. Methylene blue was instilled in ...Figure 14.2 Examples of methylene blue dye and fluorescein indirect lymphogr...Figure 14.3 Example of lipiodol indirect lymphography. Lipiodol was instille...Figure 14.4 Example of thoracoscopic indocyanine green indirect lymphography...Figure 14.5 Example of computed tomography indirect lymphography. (a) Lohexo...Figure 14.6 Example of gadolinium magnetic resonance indirect lymphography. ...Figure 14.7 Example of regional lymphoscintigraphy. (a) Dog is positioned in...Figure 14.8 Example of single agent indirect lymphography utilizing methylen...Figure 14.9 Example of regional lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative vital dye...Figure 14.10 (a and b) Clinical appearance of lymphangiosarcoma in two dogs....Figure 14.11 Diagram showing the sites of ligation for the hilar splenic lig...Figure 14.12 Splenectomy. Notice omental adhesions (a) to the splenic mass a...Figure 14.13 Example of (a) fatal splenic portal vein thrombosis with portal...Figure 14.14 Cytology from a thymoma (500X). Note the heterogeneous populati...Figure 14.15 Different imaging modalities that can be used to image a thymom...Figure 14.16 (a and b) Example of precaval syndrome. Note the profound cervi...Figure 14.17 Transverse CT image of a large thymoma invading the cranial ven...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Landmarks for craniotomy borders (dotted line) for the cat (a) a...Figure 15.2 Example of a titanium mesh plate for cranioplasty. For some cran...Figure 15.3 A durotomy can be performed using microforceps and a No. 12 blad...Figure 15.4 Incision (a) and craniotomy window placement in the cat (b) and ...Figure 15.5 An example of a dog after excision of a multi‐lobular osteochond...Figure 15.6 Position of the head for the caudal tentorial craniotomy approac...Figure 15.7 Position of the head for the suboccipital craniotomy approach wi...Figure 15.8 Ventral skull anatomy and craniotomy borders (a) for the ventral...Figure 15.9 Anatomy of the extracranial branches of the trigeminal nerve (ye...Figure 15.10 Example of the neuronavigation screen during planning for resec...Figure 15.11 Muscle anatomy of the caudal cervical spine in cross‐sectional ...Figure 15.12 Vascular anatomy of the cervical spine, with the vertebral arte...Figure 15.13 Illustrations of the Funkquist type A (a), Funkquist type B (b)...Figure 15.14 Illustration of the deep muscular anatomy encountered during th...Figure 15.15 Once the pedicle is exposed, the foraminotomy can be performed ...Figure 15.16 Illustration of lumbar vertebrae in a dog, showing the three co...Figure 15.17 Nerve sheath tumors often begin distally and branch along the n...Figure 15.18 Illustration of the nerve root entry zones visible upon durotom...

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 A multilobular osteochondrosarcoma (MLO) of the skull of a dog. ...Figure 16.2 A whole‐body bone scan in a dog presenting with a thoracic limb ...Figure 16.3 A myelogram of a dog with a vertebral osteochondroma involving t...Figure 16.4 An intraoperative image of a pathologic fracture through a biops...Figure 16.5 Bone biopsies should be collected from the center of the bone le...Figure 16.6 (a) The Jamshidi bone biopsy needle with cannula and screw‐on ca...Figure 16.7 A Jamshidi bone biopsy needle with multiple core biopsies from a...Figure 16.8 Three‐view thoracic radiographs are important in the clinical st...Figure 16.9 Computed tomography scans are significantly more sensitive for t...Figure 16.10 Magnetic resonance imaging has superior soft tissue detail and ...Figure 16.11 (a) A whole‐body bone scan of a dog with a proximal humeral ost...Figure 16.12 (a) For forequarter amputation, the animal is positioned in lat...Figure 16.13 (a) For coxofemoral disarticulation, the animal is positioned i...Figure 16.14 (a) A Bull Mastiff one day after forequarter amputation (and su...Figure 16.15 (a) Transverse CT images of a hemangiosarcoma of the proximal f...Figure 16.16 Hemipelvectomy techniques. External pelvectomy entails amputati...Figure 16.17 (a) Intraoperative photograph of dog with a large proximal femo...Figure 16.18 (a) and (b) The radiographic changes in dogs with primary tumor...Figure 16.19 (a) A CT scan of a dog with a primary osteosarcoma of the scapu...Figure 16.20 A distal scapular osteotomy (arrow) for partial scapulectomy ha...Figure 16.21 Postoperative specimens following partial scapulectomy (a) and ...Figure 16.22 Tenodesis of the biceps tendon to the proximal humerus has been...Figure 16.23 (a) The soft tissue defect following partial scapulectomy. (b) ...Figure 16.24 (a) Lateral preoperative radiograph of a dog with an osteosarco...Figure 16.25 Photograph of a Great Dane considered a good candidate for limb...Figure 16.26 Lateral (a) and caudal (b) aspect of the distal radius of a poo...Figure 16.27 Craniocaudal radiographic image of a good candidate for limb‐sp...Figure 16.28 (a) Nuclear scintigraphy of the same dog as in Figure 16.27. No...Figure 16.29 A T1 sagittal magnetic resonance image of a canine osteosarcoma...Figure 16.30 (a) The cephalic vein (arrow) should be preserved if possible t...Figure 16.31 (a) Intraoperative photograph of the medial aspect of an allogr...Figure 16.32 (a) Photograph of the first‐generation 122 mm radial endoprosth...Figure 16.33 (a) Lateral radiographic projection of a distal radial allograf...Figure 16.34 (a) A photograph of a dog with a severe postoperative infection...Figure 16.35 (a) A postoperative radiograph following limb‐sparing surgery w...Figure 16.36 (a) Local tumor recurrence in the distal antebrachium of a dog ...Figure 16.37 Lateral postoperative radiograph of a pasteurized autograft for...Figure 16.38 (a) Illustrations of the ulna roll‐over technique. Proximal and...Figure 16.39 (a) Illustrations of the lateral manus translation technique. R...Figure 16.40 Radiographs showing bone transport osteogenesis (BTO) to fill a...Figure 16.41 A dog with a tarsal osteosarcoma treated with partial amputatio...Figure 16.42 Advances in 3D printing techniques have the potential to revolu...Figure 16.43 (a) A squamous cell carcinoma of the digit in a dog. Note the t...Figure 16.44 Lateral and dorsopalmar/plantar radiographs should be taken of ...Figure 16.45 (a) An inverted Y‐shape incision is made with the stem of the Y...Figure 16.46 The postoperative appearance following amputation of the fourth...Figure 16.47 (a) A lateral radiograph of a dog with an osteosarcoma of the s...Figure 16.48 A lateral radiograph of a dog with an osteochondroma arising fr...Figure 16.49 Advanced imaging modalities provide more accurate information o...Figure 16.50 (a) The Weinstein‐Boriani‐Biagnini (WBB) Surgical Staging Syste...Figure 16.51 A total en bloc multiple segment vertebrectomy of T9 to T12 has...Figure 16.52 An en bloc sagittal resection has been performed in a dog with ...Figure 16.53 (a) A contrast‐enhanced MRI of a dog with an osteosarcoma arisi...Figure 16.54 A lateral radiographic projection of the tibiotarsal joint in a...Figure 16.55 A ventrodorsal radiographic projection of the pelvis in a dog w...Figure 16.56 A CT scan of a dog with an infiltrative lipoma of the thoracic ...Figure 16.57 Surgical planning for a dog with a hypodermal hemangiosarcoma. ...Figure 16.58 (a) A CT scan of a dog with an intramuscular mast cell tumor of...Figure 16.59 (a) An intraoperative image of a hemangiosarcoma arising from t...Figure 16.60 (a) The typical appearance of an intermuscular lipoma in a dog ...