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Samuel Clegg1, Kristy Nowak-Lovato1, Robert Currier1, Julianna Fessenden2, and Ronald Martinez1

1 Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

2 Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) is one of the immediate solutions to the permanent storage of greenhouse gases. Geologic storage of CO 2requires monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA) to assess the location of the sequestered material as well as track the plume movement. Surface MVA techniques have been developed to detect CO 2emissions should some of the injected CO 2migrate to the surface. Most of these techniques involve monitoring absolute changes in bulk CO 2concentration, which is complicated by the diurnal cycle. Changes in the carbon stable isotope ratio in CO 2has been shown to be a more sensitive diagnostic to distinguish anthropogenic and natural CO 2. Both cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRS) and frequency modulated spectroscopy (FMS) are sensitive spectroscopic techniques that have been developed to measure these stable isotope ratios. While CRS is limited to analysis of point source emission samples, field experiments of FMS instruments have been demonstrated in both captured samples and in remote configurations. In this chapter, the application of FMS to the MVA of carbon dioxide is reviewed.