James A. Jahnke - Continuous Emission Monitoring

1 Cover

2 Title Page CONTINUOUS EMISSION MONITORING Third Edition JAMES A. JAHNKE, PH.D.

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 PREFACE

6 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO CEM SYSTEMS A BRIEF HISTORY TYPES OF MONITORING SYSTEMS THE ROLE OF QUALITY ASSURANCE APPLICATION SUMMARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

7 CHAPTER 2: CEM REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTING RULES IN THE UNITED STATES PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS QUALITY ASSURANCE REQUIREMENTS INTERNATIONAL RULES ENFORCEMENT POLICIES AND CEM SYSTEMS COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE MONITORING AND THE CREDIBLE EVIDENCE RULE REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

8 CHAPTER 3: EXTRACTIVE SYSTEM DESIGN SOURCE‐LEVEL EXTRACTIVE SYSTEMS CLOSE‐COUPLED SYSTEMS DILUTION EXTRACTIVE SYSTEMS SAMPLING INTERFACE/MONITOR CALIBRATION EXTRACTIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES MINI‐SYSTEMS MODULAR SAMPLING SYSTEMS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

9 CHAPTER 4: INTRODUCTION TO THE ANALYTICAL METHODS THE PROPERTIES OF LIGHT LIGHT SCATTERING BY PARTICLES COMPONENTS OF A SPECTROMETER: BUILDING AN INSTRUMENT REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

10 CHAPTER 5: EXTRACTIVE SYSTEM ANALYZERS SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS – INFRARED MONITORING INSTRUMENTS SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS – ULTRAVIOLET MONITORING INSTRUMENTS SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS – LUMINESCENCE ELECTROANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPMENTS IN EXTRACTIVE SYSTEM GAS ANALYZERS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

11 CHAPTER 6: IN‐SITU GAS MONITORING SYSTEMS POINT (SHORT‐PATH) IN‐SITU MONITORS INTEGRATED‐PATH MONITORING SYSTEMS IN‐SITU SYSTEMS VS. EXTRACTIVE SYSTEMS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

12 CHAPTER 7: FLOW RATE MONITORS REFERENCE METHODS FOR VOLUMETRIC FLOW CONTINUOUS FLOW MONITORING METHODS OTHER METHODS MONITORING FLOW IN PIPES CALIBRATING FLOW MONITORING SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLOW MONITOR CERTIFICATION FLOW MONITOR QUALITY ASSURANCE REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

13 CHAPTER 8: OPACITY MONITORS BASIC COMPONENTS OF TRANSMISSOMETERS DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND MANUFACTURER’S PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR OPACITY MONITORS OPACITY MONITOR INSTRUMENT DESIGN OPACITY MONITOR PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

14 CHAPTER 9: CONTINUOUS PARTICULATE MONITORING REGULATORY SPECIFICATIONS CALIBRATING PARTICULATE MATTER CEMS (PM CEMS) CONTINUOUS PARAMETER MONITORING SYSTEMS (PM CPMS) BAG LEAK DETECTORS (BLD) ALTERNATIVE CALIBRATION METHODS PARTICULATE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES PM CEMS QUALITY ASSURANCE – REQUIREMENTS FOR CONTINIUING OPERATION DEVELOPMENTS IN PM CEMS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

15 CHAPTER 10: CEM SYSTEM CONTROL, DATA ACQUISITION, AND REPORTING CONTROL SYSTEMS THE DAHS COMPUTER DAHS QUALITY ASSURANCE SUMMARY POSTSCRIPT ‐ SUGGESTED PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES FOR CEM DATA ACQUISITON SYSTEMS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

16 CHAPTER 11: CERTIFYING CEM SYSTEMS PART 60 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS AND TEST PROCEDURES PART 60 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR GAS MONITORING SYSTEMS PART 60 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR GAS MONITORS PART 75 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS PART 63.8 MONITORING REQUIREMENTS ENVIRONMENT CANADA EPS/1/PG/7 CEM GUIDELINES INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES TO CEM SYSTEM CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL DEVELOPING CEM CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

17 CHAPTER 12: MONITORING FOR MERCURY MERCURY ISSUES MERCURY REGULATIONS MERCURY MONITORING SORBENT TRAP MERCURY MONITORING SYSTEMS REFERENCE TEST METHODS FOR MERCURY REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

18 CHAPTER 13: MONITORING HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS PART 61 NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (NESHAPS) 40 CFR 63 AIR TOXICS PROGAM GENERAL PROVISIONS PART 63 SUBPARTS – SOURCE‐SPECIFIC HAP MONITORING REQUIREMENTS METHODS FOR MEASURING HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS MONITORING FOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MONITORING FOR ACID GASES MONITORING FOR METALS POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS AND POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS SUMMARY – MEASURING HAPS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

19 CHAPTER 14: GREENHOUSE GAS MONITORING METRICS USED IN REPORTING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS DIRECT MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION METHODS FOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IPCC EMISSION INVENTORY PROCEDURES REPORTING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS – U.S. MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING RULE REPORTING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS – CANADA REPORTING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS – EUROPEAN UNION INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (ISO) GREENHOUSE GAS STANDARDS SUMMARY REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

20 CHAPTER 15: QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMS FOR CEM SYSTEMS A QUALITY ASSURANCE FRAMEWORK PROCUREMENT QUALITY CONTROL CERTIFICATION QUALITY CONTROL CONTINUING OPERATION – QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMS CONTINUING OPERATION – ELEMENTS OF QUALITY CONTROL CONTINUING OPERATION – AUDIT PROCEDURES CONTINUING OPERATION – SYSTEMS AUDITS/AGENCY INSPECTIONS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

21 APPENDIX A: UNITS OF THE STANDARD AND F FACTORS CONCENTRATION‐BASED STANDARDS POLLUTANT MASS RATE STANDARDS PROCESS EMISSIONS WEIGHT RATE STANDARDS EMISSION RATE FOR COMBUSTION SOURCES: THERMAL EMISSION RATE FOR COMBUSTION SOURCES: THERMAL – F ‐FACTOR APPROACH SUMMARY REFERENCES

22 APPENDIX B: CONVERSION FACTORS AND USEFUL INFORMATIONCONSTANTS IUPAC STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (STP) EPA STANDARD CONDITIONS CONVERSION EXPRESSIONS CONVERSION FACTORS

23 INDEX

24 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 TABLE 1‐1 Analytical Techniques Used in Continuous Emission Monitoring Syst... TABLE 1‐2 Analytical Techniques Used in Particulate Matter Continuous Emiss...

2 Chapter 2 TABLE 2‐1 Summary of New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) 40 CFR 60 CEM ... TABLE 2‐2 State CEM Program Options TABLE 2‐3 Summary of 40 CFR 62 Monitoring Requirements for Existing Units N... TABLE 2‐4 Performance Specifications for U.S. EPA Implementing Rules TABLE 2‐5 Example Target Criteria and Agency Follow‐up Action Levels Based ...

3 Chapter 5 TABLE 5‐1 Analytical Methods Used in Extractive System Gas AnalyzersTABLE 5‐2 Electro‐Optical Techniques for the Direct Measurement of NH 3

4 Chapter 6TABLE 6‐1 HCl Extractive and Integrated‐Path System Performance Specificati...TABLE 6‐2 Part 60 Procedure 6 Requirements for HCl CEM SystemsTABLE 6‐3 Quality Control Criteria for HCL Monitoring SystemsTABLE 6‐4 Comparison of Features Between Extractive and In‐situ Systems

5 Chapter 7TABLE 7‐1 Flow Monitoring Techniques

6 Chapter 8TABLE 8-1 Opacity Monitor Design and Performance SpecificationsTABLE 8-2 Calibration Error Attenuator ValuesTABLE 8-3 Summary of Manufacturer’s Specifications and Requirements (shaded...TABLE 8-4 Equations for Calculating the Stack-Exit OpacityTABLE 8-5 Performance Specifications for Opacity Monitor Field Tests

7 Chapter 9TABLE 9‐1 U.S. Continuous Particulate Monitoring RequirementsTABLE 9‐2 Instrument SpecificationsTABLE 9‐3 Correlation Specifications for Continuous Particulate Mass Monito...TABLE 9‐4 Continuous Particulate Monitoring TechniquesTABLE 9‐5 Mass Absorption Coefficients for Various CompoundsTABLE 9‐6 Summary of 40 CFR 63 BLD Monitoring RequirementsTABLE 9‐7 Limitations of the Analytical Methods

8 Chapter 10TABLE 10‐1 U.S. EPA Part 75 Missing Data Scheme for SO 2and CO 2MonitorsTABLE 10‐2 Converting Emissions Data into Units of the StandardTABLE 10‐3 Effect of Averaging Period and Source Variability on Reported Em...TABLE 10‐4 Recommended Basic DAHS ScreensTABLE 10‐5 Required Contents of the EER Summary Report

9 Chapter 11TABLE 11-1 National Documents for CEM Performance Specifications and Qualit...TABLE 11-2 Performance Specifications and Test Methods for Certifying CEM S...TABLE 11-3 Part 60 Relative Accuracy SpecificationsTABLE 11-4 Calibration Drift Specifications for Part 60TABLE 11-5 Application of Dynamic Spiking in U.S. EPA Test Methods and Perf...TABLE 11-6 t -ValuesTABLE 11-7 Part 75 CEM System Performance SpecificationsTABLE 11-8 CEM System Certification Specifications – Comparison Between Par...TABLE 11-9 International Standard Organization (ISO) StandardsTABLE 11-10 ISO Required Performance CharacteristicsTABLE 11-11 ISO Recommended Performance CharacteristicsTABLE 11-12 Type-Testing Criteria