James A. Jahnke - Continuous Emission Monitoring

10 Chapter 12TABLE 12‐1 Mercury Emission Limits for U.S. Coal‐Fired Electric Generating ...TABLE 12‐2 Mercury Emission Limits for U.S. Cement PlantsTABLE 12‐3 Options for Hg CEM systems IntegrationTABLE 12‐4 Options Incorporated in the Tekran Model 3300 Continuous Mercury...TABLE 12‐5 Techniques Incorporated in the Thermo Fisher “Mercury Freedom” S...TABLE 12‐6 The Mercury Instruments and Durag SystemsTABLE 12‐7 The Sick Continuous Mercury Monitoring SystemTABLE 12‐8 Bracketing Procedure for Bracketing Procedure for Hg/HgCl 2Gener...TABLE 12‐9 Hg Sorbent Trap Monitoring System Performance CriteriaTABLE 12‐10 Performance Specification 12B Specifications for Batch Sampling...TABLE 12‐11 Part 60 Performance Specifications for Continuous Mercury Monit...TABLE 12‐12 Part 63 EGU Performance Specifications for Hg CEM SystemsTABLE 12‐13 Performance Specification for Sorbent Trap SystemsTABLE 12‐14 Part 60 Appendix F Procedure 5 Quality Control Criteria for Hg ...TABLE 12‐15 Part 63 EGU Quality Assurance Requirements for Hg CEM Systems

11 Chapter 13 TABLE 13‐1Terms used for pollutants in Part 63 subpartsTABLE 13‐2 Propagation of Error in Continuous Dioxin MonitorsTABLE 13‐3 Summary of Analytical Monitoring Options for Major HAP Categorie...

12 Chapter 14TABLE 14‐1 Global Warming Potentials for Greenhouse Gases*TABLE 14‐2 Reported Greenhouse GasesTABLE 14‐3 The Tier Approach for Reporting Annual CO 2Emissions from Fossil...TABLE 14‐4 Emission Factors for Fossil Fuels from 40 CFR 98TABLE 14‐5 Tier 4 Applicability Conditions for the Use of CEM SystemsTABLE 14‐6 Petroleum Refinery CEM System Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Requirem...TABLE 14‐7 Petroleum Refinery Mass Balance/Emission Factor Greenhouse Gas M...TABLE 14‐8 Emission Factors for WoodTABLE 14‐9 ISO Measurement Standards

13 Chapter 15TABLE 15‐1 Simplified Example Matrix EvaluationTABLE 15‐2 Typical Elements of a Source Testing PlanTABLE 15‐3 Outline for a CEM System QA ManualTABLE 15‐4 CEM System Technician ResponsibilitiesTABLE 15‐5 Daily Calibration Drift/Error Criteria – U.S. and CanadaTABLE 15‐6 Example Weekly CEM ChecklistTABLE 15‐7 Warning Signs for ObsolescenceTABLE 15‐8 Differences Among Standard and Certified GasesTABLE 15‐9 Required Documentation for Protocol GasesTABLE 15‐10 Out of Control Criteria for Performance Audits in the United St...TABLE 15‐11 Particulate Monitor (PM) AuditsTABLE 15‐12 Example Audit Report Table of Contents

14 Appendix ATABLE A‐1 Typical Emission StandardsTABLE A‐2 F factors for Various Fuels *TABLE A‐3 Summary: Common “Units of the Standard”

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1‐1 A continuous emission monitoring (CEM) system. Figure 1‐2 Types of monitoring systems. Figure 1‐3 Industry uses of CEM system data.

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2‐1 CEM program elements. Figure 2‐2 Elements of a CEM rule. Figure 2‐3 U.S. Rulemaking requiring CEM systems. Figure 2‐4 Trading allowances. Figure 2‐5 U.S. utility sector SO 2emission reductions 1990–2019. Figure 2‐6 CEM systems and enforcement policy.

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3‐1 A hot/wet CEM system without sample conditioning. Figure 3‐2 A cool/dry CEM system with conditioning at the probe. Figure 3‐3 A cool/dry CEM system with conditioning at the CEM system shelter... Figure 3‐4 (a) A simple probe filter. (b) Sintered filter with a baffle plat... Figure 3‐5 A course filter assembly mounted outside of the stack. Figure 3‐6 The inertial filter. Figure 3‐7 An externally mounted inertial filter. Figure 3‐8 An umbilical assembly external to the stack. Figure 3‐9 Umbilical line cross section for a dilution extractive system. Figure 3‐10 Impinger (laminar heat exchanger) used with a Peltier cooling sy... Figure 3‐11 Refrigerated condenser moisture removal system with a secondary ... Figure 3‐12 A Nafion ™dryer assembly. Figure 3‐13 A diaphragm pump. Figure 3‐14 The ejector pump or eductor. Figure 3‐15 A cool/dry extractive system for monitoring CO. Figure 3‐16 A close‐coupled extractive systems. Figure 3‐17 An in‐situ (in‐stack) dilution probe CEM system. Figure 3‐18 An external dilution CEM system. Figure 3‐19 The in‐stack EPM dilution probe. Figure 3‐20 Example of a redundant dilution air cleanup system. Figure 3‐21 An in‐situ dilution probe extractive system. Figure 3‐22 External dilution system with cross‐piece dilution unit. Figure 3‐23 Dilution system with modular block dilution unit. Figure 3‐24 STI external dilution system design. Figure 3‐25 Principal factors causing changes in dilution systems. Figure 3‐26 Pressure dependence of the critical orifice dilution system. Figure 3‐27 Example of a wet flue gas being diluted with dry air. Figure 3‐28a Parker‐Hannifin NeSSI interconnection system. Figure 3‐28b Circor NeSSI interconnection system. Figure 3‐28c Swagelok NeSSI interconnection system. Figure 3‐29 Example of a miniature modular CEM system.

4 Chapter 4 Figure 4‐1 An oscillating electric field and its wavelength. Figure 4‐2 The electromagnetic spectrum for continuous emission monitoring a... Figure 4‐3 Example of normal vibrations of the SO 2molecule. Figure 4‐4 A typical transmission spectrum. Figure 4‐5 A typical absorption spectrum. Figure 4‐6 Energy‐level diagram for a molecule. Figure 4‐7 Infrared vibrational–rotational transmittance spectrum for SO 2. Figure 4‐8 Example system for measuring pollutant gas concentrations. Figure 4‐9 Calibration plot for the Beer–Lambert relation. Figure 4‐10 Three regimes of light scattering. (a) Rayleigh scattering r / λ... Figure 4‐11 Mie scattering. Destructive and constructive interference of lig... Figure 4‐12 Light scattering from large particles ( r / λ≥1) where geomet... Figure 4‐13 A White multipath gas cell. Figure 4‐14 A Herriott multipath gas cell. Figure 4‐15 Integrated cavity output spectrometer (ICOS). Figure 4‐16 Constructing a spectrophotometer.

5 Chapter 5 Figure 5‐1 A simple nondispersive infrared analyzer. Figure 5‐2 Operation of an NDIR analyzer using a pneumatic sensor with the d...Figure 5‐3 A fast scan of the absorption curve.Figure 5‐4 A photoacoustic analyzer.Figure 5‐5 An extractive system gas filter correlation (GFC) analyzer for mo...Figure 5‐6 Absorption principles in the GFC, NDIR technique. (a) gas filter ...Figure 5‐7 Gas filter correlation CO analyzer with folded path.Figure 5‐8 Cavity ring‐down spectrometer.Figure 5‐9 Build‐up and decay of light intensity in a cavity with high‐refle...Figure 5‐10 Off‐axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) sample cel...Figure 5‐11 Infrared absorption spectrum of a combustion gas sample.Figure 5‐12 A typical interferogram obtained by an FTIR spectrometer.Figure 5‐13 Schematic diagram of the basic FTIR spectrometer.Figure 5‐14 Reference measurement interference pattern. Intensity at the det...Figure 5‐15 Sample measurement interference pattern. Intensity at the detect...Figure 5‐16 The UV–visible spectrum of SO 2and NO 2.Figure 5‐17 Operation of a single‐beam dual‐wavelength differential absorpti...Figure 5‐18 UV single‐gas analyzer measurement schematic.Figure 5‐19 Gas filter correlation multi‐gas analyzer with filter wheel.Figure 5‐20 A diode‐array spectrometer.Figure 5‐21 Differential optical absorption techniques. (a) Optical filters....Figure 5‐22 Energy levels and fluorescence emission.Figure 5‐23 Fluorescence in SO 2.Figure 5‐24 Operation of a typical SO 2fluorescence analyzer.Figure 5‐25 The chemiluminescent emission spectrum of NO 2*.Figure 5‐26 Operation of an chemiluminescence analyzer. Measurement of sampl...Figure 5‐27 Operation of a chemiluminescence analyzer. Measurement of sample...Figure 5‐28 NO xdifferential method.Figure 5‐29 Operation of an electrochemical transducer designed to measure S...Figure 5‐30 Construction of an electrochemical cell.Figure 5‐31 Operation of an electrocatalytic oxygen monitor.Figure 5‐32 Operation of a magnetodynamic oxygen analyzer.Figure 5‐33 Operation of a thermomagnetic oxygen analyzer.Figure 5‐34 Operation of a magnetopneumatic oxygen analyzer.Figure 5‐35 Multicomponent gas analysis – analytical packaging options.Figure 5‐36 Projected evolution of CEM analytical systems.