Paul Tough - How Children Succeed

brilliant teachers suddenly go downhill: See, e.g., Michael Marder, “Visualizing Educational Data,” unpublished paper, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, February 9, 2011; and Michael Marder, “Failure of U.S. Public Secondary Schools in Mathematics: Poverty Is a More Important Cause than Teacher Quality,” unpublished paper, 2011.

teacher quality probably accounted for less than 10 percent: Hanushek, Kain, and Rivkin, “Teachers, Schools”; Eric Eide, Dan Goldhaber, and Dominic Brewer, “The Teacher Labour Market and Teacher Quality,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 20, no. 2 (Summer 2004): 232.

$41,348 for a family of four: United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service , National School Lunch Program Fact Sheet (Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service, October 2011).

covers about 40 percent of American children: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032011/pov/new01_185_01.htm.

just one student in eight doesn’t qualify: As of the spring of 2012, 87 percent of Chicago public school students are low-income by federal education standards. “Stats and facts” page, Chicago Public Schools website, http://www.cps.edu/about_cps/at-a-glance/pages/stats_and_facts.aspx.

about 10 percent of all American children: DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, Income, Poverty, 19, table 6.

an income of less than about $11,000 a year: Ibid., 61. See also Hope Yen and Laura Wides-Munoz, “Poorest Poor in US Hits New Record: 1 in 15 People,” Associated Press, November 3, 2011.

more than seven million American children: DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, Income, Poverty, 19, table 6.

an effective program of support for parents: See, for instance, Jack Shonkoff, speech at the NBC News Education Nation Summit, September 26, 2011, http://developingchild.harvard.edu/index.php/resources/multimedia/lectures_and_presentations/education_nation/.

between seven and twelve dollars of tangible benefit: James J. Heckman, Seong Hyeok Moon, Rodrigo Pinto, Peter A. Savelyev, and Adam Yavitz, “The Rate of Return to the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program,” Journal of Public Economics 94, nos. 1 and 2 (February 2010).

A. J. (IS 318 student)

ABC program. See Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC) program

academic self-control

ACE (Adverse Childhood Experiences) scores

ACE Tech Charter High School

achievement, dimensions of,

achievement gap

executive functions and,

OneGoal students and,

policy debates and,

teacher quality and,

achievement tests. See also standardized college admissions tests

low-scorers on,

malleability of intelligence and,

as predictor of life outcomes,

unfulfilled potential and,

ACT test

college success and,

Kewauna’s story and,

as measure,

score improvement efforts and,

ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)

adolescence

decision making and,

discipline and,

early nurturing and,

effectiveness of interventions in,

effects of childhood stress in,

affluent students. See privileged students

African American students. See also Black, James, Jr.; Lerma, Kewauna; Williams, Justus

chess and,

college and,

compared with affluent white teens,

Ainsworth, Mary

Albert, Derrion

Alinsky, Saul

allostatic load

executive functions and,

index for,

parenting and,

Amistad Academy in New Haven

Anda, Robert

animal-behavior studies. See LG study

anxiety

anxious attachment

Aronson, Joshua

Ashley, Maurice

Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC) program

attachment relationships

interventions and,

Minnesota study on,

parental history and,

parenting and,

as predictor of success,

Babcock, Philip

Barayev, Isaac (student)

Bayview Child Health Center in San Francisco

behavioral theory

behavior modification

The Bell Curve (Murray and Herrnstein)

Bennett, Juaquin (KIPP student)

Bennett, William

Binet, Alfred

Black, James, Jr. (IS 318 student)

chess rating,

Columbus tournament and,

match against Lapshun,

specialized-school test and,

Black, James, Sr.

Blair, Clancy

Block, Jack

blood pressure, and health risk,

Bowen, William G.

Bowlby, John

Bowles, Samuel

Bridges, Ruby Nell

Bring Up Genius! (Polgar)

Brunzell, Tom

Burke Harris, Nadine

neuroscientific perspective and,

Byrne, Ruth,

CARE. See Children Aware of Riverdale Ethics (CARE)

Caspi, Avshalom,

CBT. See cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

character. See also character strengths; noncognitive skills

habits and,

infant brain chemistry and,

meaning of,

quantification of,

rules and,

character-education initiatives,

Character Education Partnership,

character report card

development of,

character strengths. See also grit; noncognitive skills; optimism; self-control

American high school students and,

as antipoverty tool,

definition of character and,

development of,

dual-purpose instruction and,

good habits and,

high-school GPA and,

KIPP development of,

malleability of,

parenting and,

Peterson’s list of,

risk of failure and,

as social safety net

teaching technique and,

Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (Seligman and Peterson)

charter schools. See also ACE Tech Charter High School; KIPP middle schools

chess. See also chess mastery; chess tournaments; Spiegel, Elizabeth

IQ and,

and thinking habits,

Chess-in-the-Schools

chess mastery

African Americans and,

allure of,

deliberate practice and,

mental abilities in,

chess ratings

James Black and,

chess tournaments

elite dominance of,

team strategy and,

Chicago Public Schools reform initiatives

Chicago Tribune,

childhood trauma. See also ACE (Adverse Childhood Experiences) scores

adolescence and,

adult outcomes and,

neurophysiological effects of,

nurturing parenting habits and,

prevalence of,

child-parent psychotherapy

Children Aware of Riverdale Ethics (CARE),

Child Trauma Research Program, University of California at San Francisco

Chingos, Matthew

Cicchetti, Dante

Clarke, Whitney

Clinton, Hillary

Clinton, William Jefferson (U.S. president)

coding-speed test

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

cognitive control system. See also self-control

cognitive flexibility

cognitive hypothesis. See also intelligence; Murray, Charles

cognitive self-control

Cohen, K. C.

Colas, Joshua

College Advisory Playbook (KIPP)

college graduation trends

college students

college access vs. completion and,

jobs of graduates and,

KIPP graduates as,

OneGoal program and,

relationships with professors,

time use by,

college wage premium

“compliance-based” discipline system

CompStat data analysis system

compulsiveness

confidence

confirmation bias