Вилейанур Рамачандран - Phantoms in the Brain

information sequencing and, 277n

translation barrier and, 231–232

lateral (sylvian) fissure, 9

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), 71 , 73, 74

laughter, ix, 3, 11, 199–209

evolution of, 201, 203–209, 286n, 291n

nervous, 152, 154, 207

pathological, 199–201, 207

uncontrollable, 2, 199–201

Leakey, R., 286n

learned paralysis, viii, 46, 47–48, 269n

learning, 19, 68, 292n

left hemisphere, xiii, 9–10, 12–13, 32 , 288n

angular gyrus of, 195–196

belief system and, 134–136, 141, 147, 282n

as general, 135, 147, 280n

injury in, 13, 14, 132, 280n

interpreter in, 280n

language and, 133, 283n, 295n

self-deception and, 279n

structure of, 9, 9

translation barrier and, 283n

visual pathways in, 74

legs, 26, 131

phantom, vii, 22, 24, 35–36, 52

Leonardo da Vinci, 124, 194

leprosy, 57–58

Lettvin, Jerome, 273n

Levi, Leah, 280n

Levine, D.N., 278n

Levinson, Lilian, 102

limbic system, 61, 156, 288n

Cotard’s syndrome and, 167

emotion and, 13, 16 , 17, 116, 162–164, 163 , 167, 171, 177, 182–183, 185, 247, 248–249

functions of, 177–179, 178

laughter and, 201, 207, 208

lying and, 278n

rabies in, 177, 284n

racism and, 171

line-bisection test, 121, 276n

lines, vertical vs. horizontal, 94, 95 , 273n

Lipperhey, Hans, xiv Lippincott’s Journal , 23

lips, 33

brain mapping and, 25, 26, 26 , 29

Little wood, J.E., 194

Livingstone, Margaret, 272n

Logotethis, Nikos, 272n

looking glass syndrome, see mirror agnosia love, 61, 250

Lullin, Charles, 104–105

lung cancer, 7

luteinizing hormone (LH), 294n

lying (self-deception), 135, 254–255, 278n–279n

Lynch, Gary, 265n

McCarty, Maclyn, 263n

MacDonald, Larry, 106–109, 110, 274n

McGlynn, S.M., 278n

McGrath, John, 42–43, 45

Mach, Ernst, 115

Macken, Mrs., 144–149, 155

Maclean, P., 284n

Macleod, Colin, 263n

macular degeneration, 87, 105

Madonna, 36

Magicicada septendecim , 263n

magnetic resonance (MR) image, 32 , 287n

magnetism, electricity and, 4–5

magnetoencephalography (MEG), 31, 32 , 263n, 270n

Mai, N, 272n

mammillary bodies, 163 , 178 , 201

manic depressive illness, 182, 285n

Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, The (Sacks), 162

Margulis, Lynn, 294n

Mariotte, Edme, 89

Marr, David, 271n, 275n

Marshall, Bill, xv, 17–19, 265n

Marshall, John, 105, 117–118

Martin, Purdon, 200

Martinez, Philip, 47–50, 269n

Mary (phantom limb patient), 55, 270n

Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 35, 268n

mastectomy, 24, 37

math ability, 10, 17–19, 188, 190–197, 265n–266n, 277n, 286n

Maunsell, John, 272n

Maxwell, James Clerk, 5

Maynard Smith, J., 286n

Mazziotta, J.C., 263n

Medawar, Peter, ix, xii, xv-xvi, 81, 206, 234

medicine, xiv-xv, 6–7

medulla oblongata, 9, 9 , 16

Melzack, Ron, 267n, 269n

memory, 10, 15–17, 19, 44, 48, 238, 282n

Capgras’ syndrome and, 169–172

in Charles Bonnet hallucinations, 110, 274n

denial and, 148–150, 283n

for faces, 169

Hebbian link and, 54

hippocampus and, 15, 16 , 17, 148, 169, 250, 265n

pain, 51–52, 111

perception and, 112, 238–241

temporal lobe epilepsy and, 181–182

memory trace, formation of, 148, 149, 250

Mendeleyev, Dmitri, 222

menstrual cramps, phantom, 25

Merzenich, Mike, 266n, 267n

Mesulam, Marcel, 117

metamorphosis, delay of, 5–6, 263n

metaphors, 197–198

Microbe Hunters, The (de Kruif), xiimidbrain, 16

middle temporal (MT) area, 72, 73, 272n

migraines, transient scotomas and, 89, 97

Miller, Jonathan, 291n

Miller, Lawrence, xxiMiller, S.O., 296n

Milner, Brenda, 265n

Milner, David, 63–65, 79

Milton, John, 176

mind-body interactions, 177, 212–226, 294n–296n

asthma and, 219–220

in false pregnancy, 212–218, 294n

hypnosis in, 215, 218–219, 294n–295n

in immune conditioning, 219–221

multiple personality disorder and, 224–225, 296n

placebo effect and, 221, 295n–296n

resistance to idea of, 221–224

mirror agnosia (looking glass syndrome), viii, 123–126

mirrors, 270n

denial patients and, 140–141

neglect syndrome and, 119–125

phantom limbs and, viii, 46–49, 52–54, 269n, 270n

real objects vs. reflection in, 120, 276n

Mischkin, Mortimer, 74

Mismeasure of Man, The (Gould), 265n

Mitchell, Silas Weir, vii, 23, 214, 267n, 294n

mnemonic self, 250–251

modularity, 10–11, 17, 19, 55–56, 80, 264n–265n, 277n

Molyneux, William, 232–233, 296n

monkeys, 280n

brain of, 27–28, 30, 77–78, 267n

monogamy, 183

Monroe, Dr., 212–213, 216

morning sickness, 202, 288n–289n

motion blindness, 72, 81, 272n

motion perception, 72, 102, 110, 111, 272n, 274n, 275n, 297n

motor cortex, 9 , 14, 16 , 44, 53–54, 174, 179

movement: arm, 41–42

of phantom limbs, 40–48

see also eye movement

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 188, 195

multiple personality disorder (MPD), 6, 146–147, 224–225, 251, 282n

Murray, John, ximusic, 188–193, 195

mystical experience, ix, 182, 184–185, 285n

Nadia (autistic savant), 193, 194, 195, 197, 287n

Nadia (Selfe), 194

Nancy (Charles Bonnet patient), 108–111

Nancy (denial patient), 151–152, 283n

National Institutes of Health, xi, 74 , 94, 296n

natural selection, 175, 183, 184, 189–191, 196, 209–211, 235, 286n, 288n, 292n–293n

Nature , 200–201, 269n

nature vs. nurture, 20, 183–184

body image and, 22, 27–31, 41–42, 56–58, 267n

Neanderthals, 191

Necker, L.A., 67

Necker cube, 67, 67

neglect syndrome, xvi, 113–126, 155, 266n, 276n–278n

clinical importance of, 119

denial and, 133, 139–141, 144

mirror agnosia and, 123–126

mirrors and, 119–125

recovery from, 119, 277n

subconscious awareness in, 117–118

testing for, 121–122, 122

Nelson, Lord Horatio, 22–23, 273n

neocortex, 8

neuromas, 23, 31–32, 50, 56

neurons (nerve cells), 8, 8

Newsome, William, 272n

Newton, Sir Isaac, 4, 228–229

New Yorker , 86

Nielsen, H., 285n

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 199

nose, 209

phantom, 25, 270n

nose illusion, 59, 270n

nystagmus, 144–146, 148

objective science, 229

object recognition, 15–16, 64, 101, 110, 115, 116, 275n, 283n

auditory, 160, 168

see also face recognition

objects, external, projection of sensations to, 59, 61

Occam’s razor, 297n

occipital lobe, 9, 9 , 16

ocular change, multiple personality disorder and, 224, 296n

oculomotor nerve nucleus, 38

Oedipus complex, 161

Omar Khayyám, 1, 188, 265n

On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 211

optic chiasm, 71

optic disk, 89

optic nerve, 70, 71, 73, 74, 89, 275n

optic radiation, 71

optic tract, 71

orgasm, 36, 111, 175, 179, 296n

orienting behavior, 73, 76, 79, 280n

positive feedback loop in, 116–117, 276n

Ornstein, Robert, 279n