Celine Cherici - From Clouds to the Brain

1 Cover

2 Title page Series Editor Jean-Claude Dupont

3 Copyright First published 2020 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2020 The rights of Céline Cherici to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020938719 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-595-4

4 Foreword

5 Introduction

6 1 The Birth of an Electrical Culture: From Frankenstein to Hyde 1.1. “Re”creating life? 1.2. Changing and regulating behavior 1.3. Possible electrical profiling?

7 2 From Physics to Electrifying Physicists 2.1. Physics, knowledge of laws and nature of electricity 2.2. Medical physics: philosophical issues 2.3. Healing machines?

8 3 Controversial Electricity Applications 3.1. Paralysis 3.2. Nervous disorders 3.3. Electricity: between the normal and the pathological

9 4 Animal Electricity: Between Medicine and Physiology 4.1. Understanding life: heuristic experiments 4.2. Medical galvanism 4.3. Electrocentric life

10 5 Between Electrotherapy Rooms and Laboratories: Specializing Electricity 5.1. Electrical therapies: emergencies and interventionism 5.2. Exploration and recording of nervous system activities

11 6 Disorders and Resurgences of Electrical Neurostimulation Therapies: From Heath to Deep Brain Stimulation 6.1. Stimulation, control and improvement of moral and cognitive capacities 6.2. Deep brain stimulation and psychiatry 6.3. Man, brain and machine

12 Conclusion

13 Appendix 1

14 Appendix 2

15 References

16 Index of Names

17 Index of Terms

18 End User License Agreement

1 Appendix 1 Table A1.1. The five periods that mark the path from electricity to brain scienc...Table A1.2. 18th–19th Centuries – chronological points of reference: when physic...Table A1.3. Some dates in the context of brain control and the modulation of men...Table A1.4. Expanded history of deep brain stimulation

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1. In 1730, Gray experimented with the “flying boy”, putting the human ... Figure 1.2. Aldini tests the muscular reactions of a human head and then of the ... Figure 1.3. Comparative table of the duration of galvanic excitability of the va... Figure 1.4. In this 1867 illustration, a crowd of scientists watch in horror as ... Figure 1.5. French advertisement dating from 1911 for the “Herculex” electric be...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1. “Thus the electric spark of freedom will overthrow all the thrones o... Figure 2.2. Nollet designs electrical circuits to channel and direct static elec... Figure 2.3. The circuits thus designed lead to the application of static electri... Figure 2.4. The physicist imagines and improves his famous static electricity ma...Figure 2.5. Static electricity and its use in kocalisated therapy. Vigouroux, P....Figure 2.6. Nollet did many public demonstrations to show the links between the ...Figure 2.7. The Wimshurt machine, created in 1882 [GAN 94]Figure 2.8. “Only once, how foolhardy, to Venus on the pitch I gave a kiss. The ...Figure 2.9. Nollet, J. A. Recherches sur les causes particulières des phénomènes...Figure 2.10. Medal-winning machine at the 1878 Paris World Fair [ART 81, p. 49]Figure 2.11. Dr. Arthuis’ machine [VIG 82, p. 28, pl. V]Figure 2.12. Non-insulated exciter [VIG 82, p. 41, pl. VI]Figure 2.13. Insulated exciter [VIG 82, p. 41, pl. VI]Figure 2.14. Created in 1868 by the French engineer Ferdinand Philippe Carré (18...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Anonymous representation, Georg Wilhelm Richmann’s accident (1753)Figure 3.2. This experience describes a treatment applied to a patient in May 18...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. From Haller’s work, 1755Figure 4.2. Diagram of Galvani’s experiment of December 9, 1780, designed to det...Figure 4.3. Galvani, De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius, o...Figure 4.4. “A machine that keeps the conductors in the ears. It was constructed...Figure 4.5. Humboldt offers a classification table of the conductive and insulat...Figure 4.6. During his experiments in 1799, Humboldt, in addition to frogs and l...Figure 4.7. Humboldt also switched from cold-blooded animals to human body parts...Figure 4.8. Aldini separately stimulates the head of a connected ox and the body...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Diagram of the best application of electrodes to lead to a pathologi...Figure 5.2. Trough battery developed by the British chemist William Cruickshank ...Figure 5.3. This device illustrates the miniutarization of electrotherapy. Consi...Figure 5.4. Electrical contraction of the skin, of the frontal muscles, with low...Figure 5.5. Hodgkin’s initial experiment on blocking nerve conduction by localiz...Figure 5.6. Drawn from a cat, we can see that he sketched the convolutions disco...Figure 5.7. Left cerebral hemisphere of a chimpanzee with centres determined far...Figure 5.8. Adrian’s visual assimilation of human brain waves to potential swell...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Drawing illustrating the location of the superior surface electrodes...Figure 6.2. Drawing of the superior-inferior electrode configuration with the in...Figure 6.3. Indications for deep brain stimulation in the dual field of neurolog...

7 Appendix 2Figure A2.1. Nollet, J.-A.: Recherches sur les causes particulières […], op. cit...Figure A2.2. Nollet (1748) devotes many chapters to the links between electricit...Figure A2.3. Franklin, B.: Expériences et observations sur l’électricité faites ...Figure A2.4. Franklin (1756) discusses the penetration of bodies by electricity,...Figure A2.5. Jallabert, J.: Expériments sur l’électricité, avec quelques conject...Figure A2.6. Jallabert (1748) goes, in his treatise, from chapters on the laws o...Figure A2.7. Morin, J.: Nouvelle dissertation sur l’électricité des corps, Paris...Figure A2.8. In Morin’s treatise (1748), we can see that he indicates how to bui...

1 Cover

2 Table of Contents

3 Title Page

4 Copyright First published 2020 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2020 The rights of Céline Cherici to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020938719 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-595-4