Jared Diamond - The World Until Yesterday

Pygmies, 15, 18, 156, 273, 315, plate 8

children, 181, 187, 188, 191

elders, 214

environmental hazards, 278, 279 table , 280

language loss, 396

map, 26 fig.

trade, 66, 68 table , 70, 72

See also Aka Pygmies; Mbuti Pygmies

Quechua language, 401

raiding, 166

!Kung people, 151–52, 287

Nuer people, 44, 137, 141, 158

raw materials, trade in, 68–69 table , 69, 71–72

reciprocity, 45, 46–47, 74–75, 91–92, 302–3

reciprocal gift-giving, 61, 62, 65–67

reconciliation

state justice systems and, 88, 99, 105, 111–14, 118, 466

in traditional dispute resolution, 29, 83–84, 88–90, 103, 105, 111–12, 116

redistributive economies, 16–17

relationships. See social bonds

religion(s), 25, 31, 323–68

antiquity of, 340, plate 25

anxiety defusion function, 346–51, 367 fig. , 368

chiefs and kings as gods, 16, 356

comfort provision function, 351–55, 367 fig. , 368

definitions of, 326–32, 327–28 table , 368

demonstrations of commitment to, 325, 329, 330–31, 343–44, 361–63, 366

explanation function, 329, 345–46, 367 fig. , 368

functional change over time, 344–45, 367–68, 367 fig.

future of, 368

human cognition and, 336–40, 355

learning from traditional societies, 464–65

moral codes and, 329, 353, 357–59, 367 fig. , 368

origin myths, 323–24, 345, 346

origins and development of, 324, 332–36

overview, 323–26

political obedience and, 356–57, 359, 361, 367 fig. , 368

political organization and, 347–48, 353–54, 355–57, 367 fig. , 368

poverty and, 354, 368

science and, 346, 348, 350, 368

social costs and benefits of, 325, 326, 333, 362, 363

as social groups/movements, 329, 330, 331, 332, 343–44, 363, 368

standardized organization, 355–56, 367 fig. , 368

success and expansion of, 21–22, 363–66

war and, 356–57, 359–61, 366, 367 fig. , 368

See also supernatural beliefs; specific religions

religious fanaticism, 360, 361

Rennell Islanders, 219–20, 237–38, 313–14

restorative justice, 88, 99, 111–14, 168, 466

See also reconciliation

Retief, Piet, 137

retirement, 223–24, 234–35, 239

revenge

criminal punishment as, 110–11

revenge killings, 84–85, 95, 271–72, 289–90

state prevention of, 98–99, 107, 109, 167–68

in traditional societies, 84–85, 87, 143, 147, 157

traditional warfare and, 143, 147, 157, 271–72

rhabdomancy, 342, 350–51, plate 46

Richardson, Don, 291

Richardson, Lewis, 163–64

risk assessment and tolerance, 270–75, 278, 317–19

faulty assessments, 277, 317–18, 319

in the First World, 277, 306–7, 317–19, 459–60, plate 45

learning from traditional societies, 464

unfamiliar risks, 276–77

risk reduction, 283, 284, 306–7

field scattering as, 303–6

financial investments, 306–7, plate 45

See also constructive paranoia

Robbins, Sterling, 148–49

Rome, ancient, 381, 417

Roscoe, Paul, 122

Rotokas language, 395–96

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 148, 152

Roviana people, 158

Rumsfeld, Donald, 355

Russia, 156

language diversity, 376, 377, 380, 399, 401

wars and violence, 139–40, 146–47, 403

Russian language, 372

Saami people, 215

salt, 417

and hypertension, 417–21, 423–25

sources and intake, 415–17, 425–28, 465

trade in, 68 table , 71–72, 416–17

Samoans, 218

San people, 215

Sandeep, S., 441

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 405

Sawi people, 291

Scandinavian languages, 404

schools, 200–201, 205, 235, 399

Schwartz v. Helms Bakery, 117

science, religion and, 346, 348, 350, 368

sedentariness, 15, 16, 194, 310, 378

disease and, 294–96, 413, 433, 434, 437, 440

Semang people, 139, 156–57, 219

Sengseng people, 21

senilicide, 215–17, 286

Service, Elman, 14–17

sex, 93, 175, 202, 224, 300

sexual selection, 333–34

Shakers, 364

shamans, 297–98, 339, 348, 355–56

Sheldon, Steve, 176–77

Sherman, William Tecumseh, 145–46

Shermer, Michael, 328 table

Shoshone Indians. See Great Basin Shoshone Indians; Owens Valley Shoshone Indians

Shostak, Marjorie, 284–85, 414, 450

Siassi traders, 59–60, 61, 66, 67, 68 table , 75

Siberian peoples, 309 table

siblings, 187, 188, 201, plate 38

Simpson, Nicole, 112

Simpson, O. J., 112

Sioux Indians, 144

Siriono Indians, 14, 48, 60, 93, 156

children, 179, 195, 202, 203–4

elders, 214, 215

food, 300, 444 table

hygiene, 296–97

map, 27 fig.

sex, 175, 202

The Sky Travelers (Gammage), 58

slavery, 146, 159

Smith, Joseph, 365

snakes, 198, 200, 278, 279 table , 280, 283–84, 285

Soccer War, 138

social bonds, 8, 274, 357–58, 454–55, 457

adoptions and, 189

aggregation and dispersal cycles, 315–16

dispute resolution and, 29, 81, 83–84, 87–90, 101, 105, 115

of elders, 219, 233–34, 235

friendship, 52–53

trade and, 63, 64–65, 73–75

violence and, 11, 358, 359

warfare and, 143

in WEIRD societies, 51–52, 88, 91, 456–58

See also group affiliation; reconciliation

social skills, 189–90, 201, 206, 208–9

allo-parenting and, 189–90

multi-age playgroups and, 201

social status

of elders, 221–27

luxury objects and, 63–64, 69

social stratification. See inequality

Solomon Islands, 151, 158, 301

sorcery, 159, 249–50, 297–98

Sorensen, Arthur, 385

Sosis, Richard, 347, 363

South America, diabetes in, 433, 451

South American Indian languages, 397, 398

South American Indians, 27 fig. , 56, 132, 309 table

See also specific groups

Spanish language, 164, 372, 373, 381, 401

spanking of children, 192–93, 194–95

Spiro, Melford, 327 table

starvation, 298–300, 308

See also food scarcity

state justice systems, 97–118, plate 16

advantages, 81, 114–18

attribution of fault or guilt, 96, 102–3, 109, 117

civil disputes, 99–104, 117, 118

criminal justice, 99, 108–14, 117, 118, 167

disadvantages, 104–8, 118, 167–68

goals of, 97–99, 103, 111, 117

international disputes, 101–2

mediation in, 100, 105–8, 116, 466

Papua New Guinea, 79–80, 86, 98

reconciliation and restorative justice, 88, 99, 105, 111–14, 118, 168, 466

state’s interests in, 87, 109–10, 118

state religions, 356–57

See also religion(s); specific religions

state warfare, 140–47, plate 37

alliances, 141–42

captives, 141, 159

forms of, 136, 137, 138, 145–46

military organization and technology, 140, 142–43, 144, 146–47

military training, 143, 144, 169

mortality rates, 127, 128, 139–41, plate 37

psychology of enmity and killing, 142–43, 168–70

resolution of, 147–49

trade and, 164–65

ultimate causes, 160–61

war-free states, 155–56

who is affected by, 140–41, 144, 146–47, 163–65

See also specific countries and wars