Jared Diamond - The World Until Yesterday

violent deaths, 287–88

Muller, Martin, 139

multilingualism, 24, 31, 371, 383–95

Aboriginal Australia, 384–85

Amazonia, 385–86

cognitive impacts, 387–95, 463

defining, 382

fostering, 462–63, 465

language learning and, 385, 386, 387

language loss and, 402–3, 405

New Guinea, 369–70, 383–84

poverty and, 387, 406

in the U.S., 386–87, 400

viewed as harmful, 31, 386–87, 463

murder. See killing(s)

Musket Wars, 150–51

Nahuatl language, 401

Napoleonic Wars, 140, 146–47

Native American languages, 397, 398, 399, 406, 409

Native Americans. See North American Indians; South American Indians; specific groups

natural selection, 333–34, 336, 437

Nauru Islanders, 435–37, 439 table , 446, 449

Navajo Indians, 103, 185, 229

Navajo language, 398, 403

Nayaka people, 205

NCDs. See non-communicable diseases

Neel, James, 442, 446

neglect

of children, 178, 179, 181, 190

of old people, 214

neighboring groups

killings between, 286

visiting between, 45, 47, 54, 75, 384–85

warfare and, 162–63, 164, 165

See also strangers; territoriality; trade; travel

neolocal households, 222, 223, 224–25, 457–58

Nesler, Ellie, 98–99, 109, plate 35

Netherlands, minority languages in, 404, 408–9

New Britain, 72

See also Kaulong people

New Guinea and New Guinean peoples, 5, 18, 453–54

child care and autonomy, 187, 188–89, 198, 200

child punishment, 193–94

children’s play, 202–3

colonialism’s impact on violence, 288–89

constructive paranoia, 244–45

cultural diversity, 28

environmental hazards, 278, 279 table , 281, 282

field scattering, 303, 306

first contacts with Europeans, 2, 57–59, 119, plates 30, 31

food scarcity and storage, 298, 301, 309 table , 313

geographic knowledge, 55, 56

health and life expectancies, 211, 245, 410–12

hunting, 282

language diversity, 3–4, 7, 28, 371–72, 374, 377, 378–79, 381–82

map, 26 fig.

marriage practices, 228–29

multilingualism, 369–70, 383–84

salt intake, 416, 419

talkativeness, 248, 273

traditional trade, 62, 66, plate 32

traditional warfare, 132, 133–34, 137, 148–49, 151, 157–58, 159

uncontacted peoples, 56–57

Westernization of, 2–6, 410–12

See also specific groups

New Zealand

Maori language in, 404, 409

Musket Wars, 150–51

See also Maori people

Nganasan people, 26 fig. , 60, 156, 309 table

Ngarinyin people, 26 fig. , 308

Nichols, Johanna, 381

Nigeria, 371

nomadism, 14, 15, 93, 180, 378

elders and, 214, 217

food scarcity and, 300, 310

infectious diseases and, 294–96

non-communicable diseases, 292–93, 411–14, 432–33, 449–50

See also diabetes; hypertension

Norenzayan, Ara, 8

Norse peoples, 215, 290, 308

North American Indians, 27 fig. , 309 table

language loss, 397, 398, 399, 406, 409

warfare, 151, 158

See also specific groups

North Slope Inuit. See Alaska North Slope Inuit

northwest Alaska Inuit. See Iñupiat; Yupik Inuit

Northwest Coast Indians, 15, 27 fig. , 146, 315

traditional food storage, 309 table , 310, 311

Nuer people, 44, 53, 165, 203, plate 7

Dinka raids, 44, 137, 139, 146, 158, 165

dispute resolution, 95–96, 103

food scarcity and storage, 301, 308, 309 table

map, 26 fig.

Oakley, Wilfrid, 429

obesity, 4, 417, 428, plate 27

diabetes and, 430, 432, 433, 434

Nauru Islanders, 436

Pima Indians, 435

thrifty-gene hypothesis, 442–47

Okavango Delta, 188, 199

Okinawan languages, 399

old age, 30, 211

See also elders

Omaha Indians, 215, 228

oral histories and reconstruction, 478–80

O’Reilly, Patty, 113

origin myths, 323–24, 345, 346

ostracism, 93–94

Owens Valley Shoshone Indians, 42, 44

Pacific Islanders, 309 table , 311, 313, 446

See also specific islands and peoples

Pacific Northwest Indians. See Northwest Coast Indians

Paleolithic art, 340, plate 25

Paleolithic diet, 414, 433

Papua New Guinea, 2, 5

accidental death story, 79–86, 89

diabetes rates, 411, 439 table

state justice, 79–80, 98

violence, 289

See also New Guinea

Paraguay, 290, 398

parasitic diseases, 292, 293, 412

Parson, Talcott, 328 table

patriarchal families, 222, 229

patrilocal households, 166–67, 222–23, 291

peace, 147–49, 155–56, 403–4

See also warfare

peaceful dispute resolution. See state justice systems; traditional dispute resolution

personal relationships. See social bonds

Peru, field scattering in, 304–6, 338–39

Philippines

language loss in, 396

See also Agta people

Piaget, Jean, 174–75

pigs, disputes over, 157, 158

Pima Indians, 434–35, 439 table , 445–46

Pinker, Steven, 139

Piraha Indians, 27 fig. , 202, 297, 479, plate 11

children, 176–77, 181, 188, 194–95, 197, 198

dispute resolution, 93–94

gluttony, 444 table

plants and plant foods, 19, 297, 313–14, 315, 415

See also farming; food entries

Plato, 352

play, 91, 202–6, 208, plates 19, 20

child autonomy and, 198–200

dangerous play, 173–74, 198

multi-age groups, 200–202

toys, 204–5, plates 17, 18

Polanski, Roman, 110

political leadership, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 219

violence suppression and, 97–99, 115, 148

political organization, 14–18

food scarcity and, 300

geographic variations, 18–19

language diversity and, 379–80, 400

population size/density and, 10–11, 14–18, 19, 356, 380

religion and, 347–48, 353–54, 355–57, 367 fig. , 368

territoriality and, 44

warfare and, 141, 356–57

See also chiefdoms; states

Polynesian peoples. See Pacific Islanders; specific islands and groups

population size and density

decision-making and, 13, 15, 356

food and, 10, 13, 19

geographic knowledge and, 55–56

infectious diseases and, 294–96

language diversity and, 378, 379

political organization and, 10–11, 14–18, 19, 356, 380

religion and, 356–57, 364

social stratification and, 13

stranger encounters and, 50

territoriality and, 43, 44, 45

violence and, 287–88, 291

warfare and, 130–31, 141, 156, 161–63

Portolá expedition, 133

Portugal, salt intake in, 421, 427

Portuguese language, 372, 373, 401

poverty

bilingualism and, 387, 406

diabetes and, 433, 440, 441

religious affiliation and, 354, 368

power relationships, 116–17, 166, 194, 198

elder authority, 227–31

prayer and ritual, 331, 339, 346–47, 348–51, 356

prisoners of war, 141, 146, 158–59

privacy, 202, 224–25

property rights of elders, 31

psychological development, 180–81, 189–90, 192, 208–9

Pume Indians, plates 19, 22

punishment

of children, 192–96, 208

criminal punishment, 109–10, 118, 167