Roger Moorhouse - The Devils' Alliance - Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939-1941

226 former chief of staff Boris Shaposhnikov: Gorodetsky, op. cit., 242.

226 total number built in the decade before 1939: Robert E. Tarleton, “What Really Happened to the Stalin Line?” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 6, no. 1 (1993): 43.

226 the historic road to Moscow: Short, op. cit., 14.

226 “overwhelmingly” such defenses were “not militarily ready”: Quoted in Gorodetsky, op. cit., 242.

227 describing negotiations as “quite cordial”: Quoted in Edward E. Ericson III, Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999), 147.

227 drink as much of the revised grain quota: Ibid., 149.

228 “the largest contract ever between two states”: Quoted in Manfred Zeidler, “German-Soviet Economic Relations During the Hitler-Stalin Pact,” in From Peace to War , edited by Bernd Wegner (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1997), 108, 109.

228 “solid foundation for an honourable and great peace: Quoted in Ericson, op. cit., 160.

228 given priority only to Wehrmacht orders: Heinrich Schwendemann, “German-Soviet Economic Relations at the Time of the Hitler-Stalin Pact, 1939–1941,” Cahiers du Monde Russe 37, nos. 1–2 (January–June 1995): 167.

228 the three years prior to the pact: Ziedler in Wegner, op. cit., 110.

229 shipments to the USSR were not to be publicized: Ericson, op. cit., 160.

229 used for stationing Axis troops: J. B. Hoptner, Yugoslavia in Crisis: 1934–1941 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962), 240.

230 in support of an alliance with the Soviet Union: Gorodetsky, op. cit., 142.

230 “with merciless brutality”: Quoted in Trevor-Roper, op. cit., 107.

230 “waging war with bits of paper”: Frederick Taylor, trans. and ed., The Goebbels Diaries, 1939–1941 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1982), 307.

231 “peaceful and friendly relations”: Text of the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact is available at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/s1.asp.

231 a “diplomatic blitzkrieg”: Quoted in Gorodetsky, op. cit., 199.

231 “We’ve been friends with you”: Quoted in Sebag Montefiore, op. cit., 308.

231 “It seems that Stalin has no desire”: Taylor, op. cit., 315.

232 “threat to the general peace of the world”: Text of the Anti-Comintern Pact is available at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/tri1.asp.

232 national tasks must have priority: Ivo Banac, ed., The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), 155–156.

232 coming May Day celebrations: Gorodetsky, op. cit., 200.

232 seventy-two elsewhere in Europe: Z. Medvedev and R. Medvedev, The Unknown Stalin (London: I. B. Tauris, 2006), 222.

232 eighty recorded German violations of Soviet airspace: David E. Murphy, What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 170.

233 German hegemony over the entire continent: The speech is put together from various eyewitness accounts, such as Walter Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters: 1939–45 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1964), 160–162, and Nicolaus von Below, At Hitler’s Side: The Memoirs of Hitler’s Luftwaffe Adjutant, 1937–1945 (London: Greenhill Books, 2004), 91–93. An interesting assessment of the various accounts is given in J. Förster and E. Mawdsley, “Hitler and Stalin in Perspective: Secret Speeches on the Eve of Barbarossa,” War in History 11, no. 1 (2004).

233 “an Asiatic way”: Quoted in Förster and Mawdsley, op. cit., 76.

233 it was to be exterminated: Below, op. cit., 92.

233 “arming on a grand scale”: Ibid., 92.

234 a catastrophe for the Nazi leadership: Pavel Sudoplatov, Special Tasks (London: Warner, 1994), 117.

234 “absolute unity in the work”: Medvedev and Medvedev, op. cit., 218.

234 “We possess a modern army”: M. J. Broekmeyer, Stalin, the Russians , and Their War: 1941–1945 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004), 21.

234 is very different from the way it was”: Vyacheslav Malyshev, quoted in Medvedev and Medvedev, op. cit., 219.

234 “There is no invincible army in the world”: is very different from the way it was: Quoted in Broekmeyer, op. cit., 21.

235 “we must act offensively”: Quoted in Förster and Mawdsley, op. cit., 101–102.

235 “This general has understood nothing”: Quoted in Broekmeyer, op. cit., 22.

235 addressing the ranks of academy graduates: Pravda, May 6, 1941, 1.

236 sometimes unreliable eyewitness accounts: The best analysis of the speech and the various sources is in Förster and Mawdsley, op. cit., 61–103.

236 planning a preemptive strike against Hitler: A theory popularized by the Russian author Viktor Suvorov.

236 vital component in Stalin’s defensive armory: See, for instance, Gorodetsky, op. cit., 208.

236 “been prepared for export”: Medvedev and Medvedev, op. cit., 221.

237 “It is all too stupid”: Taylor, op. cit., 364.

237 what the Hess mission might signify: See Lothar Kettenacker, “Mishandling a Spectacular Event: The Rudolf Hess Affair,” in Flight from Reality: Rudolf Hess and His Mission to Scotland, 1941 , edited by David Stafford (London: Pimlico, 2002), 19–37.

237 the USSR was “completely hamstrung”: Cadogan quoted in David Dilks, ed. The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938–1945 (London: Cassell, 1971), 382.

237 fatally undermine the Nazi-Soviet Pact: Kettenacker, op. cit., passim.

238 “strangled in its cradle”: Robert Service, Spies and Commissars: The Bolshevik Revolution and the West (London: Macmillan, 2011), 184.

238 Hess’s flight being unauthorized by Berlin: Khrushchev, op. cit., 116.

238 “When Churchill sent us his personal warning”: Memoir of Yury Chadayev, quoted in S. Berthon and J. Potts, Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-creation of World War II Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin (New York: Da Capo Press, 2006), 72.

239 The imminent threat, Stalin concluded: On the Soviet reaction to the Hess story, see John Erickson, “Rudolf Hess: A Post-Soviet Postscript,” in Stafford, op. cit., 38–60.

239 “Don’t you see?”: Zhukov, op. cit., 268.

239 on May 5, it was estimated at 102 to 107 divisions: Roberts, Zhukov , op. cit., 91.

239 “in fear and trepidation”: Quoted in Seaton, op. cit., 95.

239 massing on the Soviet border: Gorodetsky, op. cit., 244.

239 “necessary not to give the initiative”: Quoted in Roberts, Zhukov, op. cit., 93.

239 even saw the Zhukov Plan at all: See, for instance, ibid.

239 brought up to combat strength: Short, op. cit., 39, 41.

240 “Train after train began to arrive”: Zhukov, op. cit., 263–264.

240 new contracts were agreed in April: Ericson, op. cit., 170.

240 backed up on the Soviet side of the frontier: Schwendemann, op. cit., 168.

240 “Is that all?”: On Kuznetzov, see Bialer, op. cit., 191.

241 Soviet desire to appease Berlin: Ericson, op. cit., 172.

241 “stop up his ears”: Quoted in ibid., 162.

241 “cold-blooded blackmailer”: Quoted in Robert Service, Stalin (London: Macmillan, 2008), 405.

241 “We must act”: Taylor, op. cit., 414.

242 “Poles and Jews” had already been “resettled”: Alfred Gottwaldt and Diana Schulle, Die “Judendeportationen” aus dem Deutschen Reich 1941–1945 (Wiesbaden: Marixverlag, 2005), 51.

242 officially declared Judenfrei (Jew free): Christopher Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, 1939–1942 (London: Arrow, 2005), 90.