Roger Moorhouse - The Devils' Alliance - Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939-1941

259 soldier died every two seconds that day: Pleshakov, op. cit., 130.

260 two tents, a few tables, and a telephone: Erickson, op. cit., 129.

260 “The only thing that was left”: Quoted in Merridale, op. cit., 76.

260 destroyed nearly 1,500 Soviet aircraft: Christer Bergström, Barbarossa: The Air Battle, July–December 1941 (London: Ian Allan Publishing, 2007), 20.

260 aircraft were parked in neat rows: Nicolaus von Below, At Hitler’s Side: The Memoirs of Hitler’s Luftwaffe Adjutant, 1937–1945 (London: Greenhill Books, 2004), 107.

260 sent him into an impotent rage: Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003), 326.

260 250 miles from their starting positions: Glantz, op. cit., 36.

261 twenty-three times without destroying it: Steven J. Zaloga, T-34/76 Medium Tank, 1941–1945 (Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1994), 12.

261 “The KV-1 and KV-2 were really something!”: Account from the 1st Panzer Division, quoted in Paul Carell, Hitler Moves East: 1941–1943 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1964), 23.

261 “tank terror” among Wehrmacht troops: Zaloga, op. cit., 12.

261 exploit their temporary advantage: Stephen Zaloga and James Grandsen, Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two (London, 1984), 127.

261 strongpoints that briefly offered resistance: R. Tarleton, “What Really Happened to the Stalin Line?” (Part II), Journal of Slavic Military Studies 6, no. 1 (March 1993): 51.

261 accompanying bunkers and antitank earthworks: J. E. Kaufmann and Robert M. Jurga, Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War Two (London: Greenhill Books, 1999), 362.

262 “The fortifications at Brest were out-of-date”: Heinz Guderian, Panzer Leader (London: Michael Joseph, 1952), 146–147.

262 a full month after the beginning of Barbarossa: Christian Ganzer and Alena Paškovič, “‘Heldentum, Tragik, Tapferkeit’: Das Museum der Verteidigung der Brester Festung,” Osteuropa 60, no. 12 (2010): 81–96.

262 shared a platform in Brest in 1939: Glantz, op. cit., 80.

263 indeed running on Soviet fuel: Total German oil stocks in the 1939–1941 period amounted to around 8 million tons, of which the USSR had supplied approximately 1 million.

263 “German soldiers fed by Ukrainian grain”: Edward E. Ericson III, Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999), 179.

263 “In the first days of the war”: Alexander Yakovlev in Bialer, op. cit., 170.

264 bow first, in the coal harbor: Tobias R. Philbin III, The Lure of Neptune: German-Soviet Naval Collaboration and Ambitions, 1919–1941 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994), 128.

264 “you only have to kick in the door”: Quoted in Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 85.

264 inimical toward the idea of national independence: Romuald Misiunas and Rein Taagepera, The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1940–1990 (London: C. Hurst, 1983), 48.

264 “The German troops were at first met”: Boris Takk in Ene Kõresaar, ed., Soldiers of Memory: World War II and Its Aftermath in Estonian Post-Soviet Life Stories (New York: Rodopi, 2011), 188.

264 turned their guns on their former masters: Valdis Lumans, Latvia in World War II (New York: Fordham University Press, 2006), 155.

264 “no one was saying anything”: On L’vov, see Merridale, op. cit., 83; on Kovel, see Alexander Werth, Russia at War, 1941–1945 (London: Pan, 1964), 149.

265 the terror, finally being aired: Merridale, op. cit., 79–81.

265 “At last we can breathe freely”: Quoted in Braithwaite, op. cit., 77.

265 “I was astonished to detect no hatred”: Hans von Luck, Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck (New York: Praeger, 1989), 70.

265 shot by their own troops: Braithwaite, op. cit., 85.

265 “There was no-one to help”: Merridale, op. cit., 82.

266 fled east in a horse-drawn cart: William Spahr, Stalin’s Lieutenants: A Study of Command Under Duress (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1997), 265.

266 desperately protesting his innocence: Colonel I. T. Starinov, quoted in Bialer, op. cit., 237.

267 restore the army’s martial spirit: Georgi Zhukov, Reminiscences and Reflections (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1985), 1:309; Sebag Montefiore, op. cit., 330.

267 “What is the General Staff for?: Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin’s General: The Life of Georgy Zhukov (London: Icon, 2012), 106–107.

267 cursed all the way to his dacha: Mikoyan quoted in Sebag Montefiore, op. cit., 330.

267 Soviet Union was effectively “leaderless”: See, for example, Jonathan Lewis and Phillip Whitehead, Stalin: A Time for Judgement (New York: Pantheon Books, 1990), or Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives (London: HarperCollins, 1991).

267 Stalin barely stopped: Zhores A. Medvedev and Roy A. Medvedev, The Unknown Stalin (London: I. B. Tauris, 2006), 232.

268 “Why have you come?”: See, for example, Sebag Montefiore, op. cit., 332.

269 “He wound up the whole business”: Sergo Beria, Beria, My Father: Inside Stalin’s Kremlin (London: Duckworth, 2001), 51.

269 gained a “definite advantage”: An English translation of Stalin’s July 3, 1941, speech is at http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/410703a.html.

269 “show Moscow that something was being done”: Lieutenant General Ivan Boldin, Pavlov’s deputy commander, quoted in Werth, op. cit., 157–158.

269 “panic mongering,” “dereliction of duty,” and “cowardice”: Erickson, op. cit., 176.

269 “We are here in the dock”: Quoted in Robert Gellately, Lenin, Stalin and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe (London: Jonathan Cape, 2007), 478.

269 the person whom Stalin saw most often: Michael Parrish, The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953 (London: Praeger, 1996), 77.

270 pour encourager les autres: Ibid., 81.

270 “compile lists of those”: Karel Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2004), 14.

270 or anti-Soviet activity be executed: Quoted in Bogdan Musial, Konterrevolutionäre Elemente sind zu erschießen (Berlin, 2000), 101.

270 the chaos of the blitzkrieg: Grzegorz Hruciuk, “Victims, 1939–1941: The Soviet Repressions in Eastern Poland,” in Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-Occupied Poland, 1939–1941 , edited by Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, and Kai Struve. Leipziger Beiträge zur Jüdischen Geschichte und Kultur (Leipzig, DE: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2007), 193–194.

271 shot and dumped in the prison yard: Report of the Estonian Historical Commission, Phase I, “The Soviet Occupation of Estonia in 1940–1941,” Estonian Institute of Historical Memory, http://www.mnemosyne.ee/hc.ee/pdf/conclusions_en_1940–1941.pdf, 14.

271 half of them could not be identified: The Rainiai Tragedy: A Forgotten Soviet War Crime (Vilnius, 2007), 12, at http://www.e-library.lt/resursai/Mokslai/LRS%20mokslininkai/V.Landsbergis/Rainiai/Rainiai_EN_Book.pdf.

271 shot in the back of the head: Romanian National Archive, f. 680, inv. 1, d. 4232, 3, f. 545–546, cited in Iulian Chifu, Basarabia sub ocupatie sovietica si tentative contemporane de revenire sub tutela Moscovei (Bucharest: Politieia-SNSPa, 2004), 86.

271 around half would not survive: Musial, op. cit., 97, 138.

271 bayonetted or battered to death: For details, see ibid., 102 passim.