Roger Moorhouse - The Devils' Alliance - Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939-1941

271 “Blood flowed in rivers”: Ibid., 115.

271 12,000 individuals were unaccounted for: Lumans, op. cit., 138.

271 the figure of 1,000 murdered: Rainiai Tragedy, op. cit., 9.

271 a figure of 2,000 has been estimated: Estonian Historical Commission Report, op. cit., 14.

271 a figure around three times that: Hryciuk, op. cit., 183. The higher figure of 20,000 to 30,000 is given by Musial, op. cit., 138.

272 across all of the Soviet borderlands: Jan T. Gross, Revolution from Abroad (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), 228.

272 “On the concrete forecourt of the petrol station”: Ernst Klee, Volker Reiss, and Willi Dressen, eds., “Schöne Zeiten” Judenmord aus der Sicht der Täter und Gaffer (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1988), 35–36.

273 played the Lithuanian national anthem: Ibid., 39.

273 opening weeks of the German-Soviet war: Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands (London: Bodley Head, 2010), 192.

273 thirty towns saw pogroms against the local Jews: Musial, op. cit., 172.

273 forced to pull down the statue of Stalin: Ibid., 177, 179.

273 “I found myself in the middle”: Quoted in ibid., 188.

273 attitude aptly described as “anticipatory obedience”: Wendy Lower, “‘Anticipatory Obedience’ and the Nazi Implementation of the Holocaust in the Ukraine: A Case Study of Central and Peripheral Forces in the Generalbezirk Zhytomyr, 1941–1944,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 16, no. 1 (2002).

274 “The attempts at self-cleansing”: Stahlecker quoted in Richard Rhodes, Masters of Death (New York: A. A. Knopf, 2002), 45.

274 12 percent of those deported by the Soviets: Geoff Swain, Between Stalin and Hitler: Class War and Race War on the Dvina (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 40.

274 relatives killed or deported by the Soviets: Zvi Gitelman, ed., Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), 266.

274 lost his parents to an NKVD murder squad: Klee, Riess, and Dressen, op. cit., 39.

274 “The day was hot”: Andrew Ezergailis, The Holocaust in Latvia, 1941–1945 (Riga: Historical Institute of Latvia, 1996), 104.

275 their supposed collaboration with the Soviet regime: Snyder, op. cit., 194.

275 “The war against Russia was the first”: Henry W. Flannery, Assignment to Berlin (London: Joseph, 1942), 259.

276 “They were dancing in the Toll House”: Victor Klemperer, I Shall Bear Witness, 1933–1941 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998), 373.

276 “And yet we are thunderstruck”: Marie Vassiltchikov, The Berlin Diaries of Marie “Missie” Vassiltchikov: 1940–45 (London, 1985), 55.

276 “Russia has never been suited to lightning wars”: Ruth Andreas-Friedrich, Berlin Underground, 1938–1945 (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1947), 68.

276 “It is terrible that we’re at war”: Quoted in “Himmler Letters: ‘I am travelling to Auschwitz. Kisses. Your Heini,’” Daily Telegraph , January 26, 2014, at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/10597344/Himmler-letters-I-am-travelling-to-Auschwitz.-Kisses.-Your-Heini.html.

276 to defeat Schalke 4–3: Author interview with Leopold Gernhardt, April 2008. See also Roger Moorhouse, “The Nazi Final,” BBC History Magazine , June 2008.

277 “Our propaganda can pick up”: Andreas-Friedrich, op. cit., 68.

277 a tenfold increase from the previous month: Quoted in Heinz Kühnrich, Die KPD im Kampf gegen die faschistische Diktatur 1933–1945 (Berlin: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1987), 180.

277 “Whoever had faith in Hitler”: Quoted in Braithwaite, op. cit., 75.

278 “The Germans are civilized people”: Molotov speech quoted in Werth, op. cit., 163; vox populi quoted in Braithwaite, op. cit., 80.

278 using it to signal to German aircraft: Werth, op. cit., 177–178.

278 “a great pull-yourselves-together speech”: Ibid., 168.

278 “As long as the Germans were engaged”: Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds., War Diaries, 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (London: Phoenix Press, 2001), 166.

279 “It will have a bad effect on America”: Nigel Nicolson, ed., Harold Nicolson: Diaries and Letters, 1930–1939 (London: Collins, 1966), 173.

279 “that we would stand inactively”: Churchill, op. cit., 462; Eden, op. cit., 270.

279 “3 to 4 months, possibly slightly longer”: Nicolson, op. cit., 173; Danchev and Todman, op. cit., 166.

279 within as little as six weeks: Gabriel Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps’ Mission to Moscow, 1940–42 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 168.

280 “If a crocodile came up”: Joseph P. Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 1939–1941: The Partnership That Saved the West (London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1975), 343.

281 “We have but one aim”: Quoted in Graham Stewart, His Finest Hours: The War Speeches of Winston Churchill (London: Quercus, 2007), 102–105.

282 “a masterpiece” according to Harold Nicolson: Nicolson, op. cit., 173.

282 “If Hitler invaded Hell”: Colville, op. cit., 480.

282 railed against his supposed hypocrisy: Richard Toye, The Roar of the Lion (London: Oxford University Press, 2013), 107–108.

282 Churchill’s speech had been “agreeably surprising”: Quoted in ibid., 108.

282 “side by side with the Soviet Union”: John Mahon, Harry Pollitt: A Biography (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1976), 269.

283 expelled en masse on charges of espionage: Lynne Olson, Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America’s Fight over World War Two, 1939–1941 (New York: Random House, 2013), 334.

283 “If we see that Germany is winning”: Quoted in ibid., 346.

284 clearly demonstrate the difference in their ranks: Ivan Maisky, Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador: The War, 1939–1943 (London: Hutchinson, 1967), 172.

284 advanced six hundred kilometers along the road: Glantz, op. cit., 40, 45, 53.

285 “light-heartedness” of his summer suit: Maisky, op. cit., 172.

285 expect Stalin to cancel the Nazi-Soviet Pact: Anna Cienciala, “General Sikorski and the Conclusion of the Polish-Soviet Agreement of July 30, 1941: A Reassessment,” Polish Review 41, no. 4 (1996): 413.

285 soldiers still thought to be in Soviet hands: Halik Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War (London: Allen Lane, 2012), 166.

286 “All that is past history”: Quoted in David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938–1945 (London: Cassell, 1971), 391.

287 neither side was willing to give: Kochanski, op. cit., 167.

287 premier’s handling of the negotiations: Cienciala, op. cit., 427.

287 “we had a strong obligation”: Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War , vol. 3: The Grand Alliance (London: Cassell, 1950), 349.

287 “insistence and flexibility of the Soviet government”: Maisky, op. cit., 174.

287 “patient diplomacy tinged with anxiety”: Eden, op. cit., 273.

287 “persuading him to grant an immediate amnesty”: Gorodetsky, op. cit., 132.

288 postponed until subsequent negotiations: The English-language text of the agreement is at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/polsov.asp.

289 “looked down rather disapprovingly”: Colville, op. cit., 502.

291 referring to Russia as “our India”: H. R. Trevor-Roper, ed., Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944 (London: Phoenix Press, 2000), 24.

291 “You yourselves know best how honestly”: Text reported by the New York Times , October 4, 1941.

292 “The partnership with the Soviet Union”: Hitler to Mussolini, June 21, 1941, quoted in R. J. Sontag and J. S. Beddie, eds., Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939–1941: Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Office , ed. Raymond James Sontag and James Stuart Beddie (Washington, DC: Department of State, 1948), 351, 353.