48. Mikhail Zygar, All the Kremlin’s Men (New York: PublicAffairs, 2016), 275.
49. Many Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars were prevented from voting, so these official Russian figures should be treated with caution.
50. “Address by President of the Russian Federation,” President of Russia website, March 18, 2014, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603.
51. Sergey Lavrov, “Speech by Sergey Lavrov at the 51st Munich Security Conference,” Voltaire Network, February 7, 2015, http://www.voltairenet.org/article186844.html.
52. Sabrina Tavernise and Noah Sneider, “Bodies from Malaysia Airlines Flight Are Stuck in Ukraine, Held Hostage over Distrust,” New York Times, July 20, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/21/world/europe/malaysia-airlines-jet-ukraine.html?_r=0.
53. “Intercepted Audio of Ukraine Separatists,” New York Times, July 17, 2014, video, 2:13, http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/europe/100000003007434/intercepted-audio-of-ukraine-separatists.html.
54. Will Stewart, Jill Reilly, and Gordon Darroch, “How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?[…],” Daily Mail, July 25, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2705308/How-solve-problem-like-Maria-Putin-s-daughter-said-fled-Holland-boyfriend-Dutch-fury-Russia-s-response-MH17-disaster.html.
55. “Full Text of the Minsk Agreement,” Financial Times, https://www.ft.com/content/21b8f98e-b2a5-11e4-b234-00144feab7de.
56. Natalia Zinets and Matthias Williams, “Russia to Blame for ‘Hot War’ in Ukraine: US Special Envoy,” Reuters, July 23, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-volker-idUSKBN1A80M4.
57. Alexander J. Motyl, “Kiev Should Give Up on the Donbass,” Foreign Policy, February 2, 2017, http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/02/ukraine-will-lose-its-war-by-winning-it/.
58. Terence McCoy, “What Does Russia Tell the Mothers of Soldiers Killed in Ukraine? Not Much.” Washington Post, August 29, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/08/29/what-does-russia-tell-the-mothers-of-soldiers-killed-in-ukraine-not-much/?utm_term=.d78235ee6a87.
59. “MH17: The Netherlands and Australia Hold Russia Responsible,” Ministry of General Affairs, Government of the Netherlands, May 25, 2018, https://www.government.nl/topics/mh17-incident/news/2018/05/25/mh17-the-netherlands-and-australia-hold-russia-responsible.
60. Michael Birnbaum, “Dutch-Led Investigators Say Russian Missile Shot Down Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 over Ukraine in 2014,” Washington Post, May 24, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/dutch-led-investigators-say-russian-military-missile-shot-down-flight-mh17-over-ukraine-in-2014/2018/05/24/1e2ff92e-5f3c-11e8-8c93-8cf33c21da8d_story.html?utm_term=.80db8e0fcacf.
61. Kevin G. Hall, “Russian GRU Officer Tied to 2014 Downing of Passenger Plane in Ukraine,” McClatchy DC Bureau, May 25, 2018, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article211836174.html.
62. “Rossii Prizvali Dokazat’ chto Obvinenia Protiv Moskvy po Delu MH 17 Lozhnye,” https://ria.ru/mh17/20180610/1522491823.html.
63. Joost Akkermans and Henry Meyer, “Putin Rejects Dutch, Australian Claim of Russia Role in MH17,” Bloomberg, May 25, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-25/netherlands-australia-hold-russia-liable-for-its-part-in-mh17-jhlqz5ti.
64. Patricia Zengerle, Reuters, “U.S. doesn’t want to be ‘handcuffed’ to Ukraine agreement,” https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-diplomacy-tillerson-idUSKBN19528J.
65. Henry A. Kissinger, “To Settle the Ukraine Crisis, Start at the End,” Washington Post, March 5, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/henry-kissinger-to-settle-the-ukraine-crisis-start-at-the-end/2014/03/05/46dad868-a496-11e3-8466-d34c451760b9_story.html?utm_term=.e5f9f68a043a.
66. Victor Pinchuk, “Ukraine Must Make Painful Compromises for Peace with Russia,” Wall Street Journal, December 29, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-must-make-painful-compromises-for-peace-with-russia-1483053902.
Chapter Eight: Russia and China: Duo of the Willing?
1. “Interview to TASS and Xinhua News Agencies,” President of Russia website, September 1, 2015, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50207.
2. Associated Press, “In Putin Meeting, China’s Xi Praises Russia Ties,” February 7, 2014, https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2014/02/07/In-Putin-meeting-China-s-Xi-praises-Russia-ties.html.
3. “Former Russian Embassy—Beiguan, Short Introduction and Directions,” DrBn.net, last updated June 28, 2017, http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Beijing/Landmarks-Hotspots/DongCheng/Frmr_Russian_Embassy/Russian_Embassy-Bei_Guan-Introduction-Directions1.html.
4. Henry Kissinger, On China (New York: Penguin, 2012), 57.
5. Harrison E. Salisbury, War Between Russia and China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), 136.
6. Bobo Lo, Axis of Convenience: Moscow, Beijing, and the New Geopolitics (London: Chatham House; Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008).
7. Salisbury, War Between Russia and China, 20.
8. Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), 119.
9. Ian Barnes, Restless Empire: A Historical Atlas of Russia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015), 76–77.
10. Fu Ying, “How China Sees Russia,” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2016, p. 99, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2015-12-14/how-china-sees-russia.
11. John K. Fairbank, ed., The Cambridge History of China, vol. 12, pt. 1 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 656–57.
12. Philip Short, Mao: A Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1999), 422.
13. Adam B. Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Policy 1917–73, 2nd ed. (New York: Praeger, 1974), 492–93.
14. Kissinger, On China, 115.
15. Kissinger, On China, 166.
16. Daniel Wolf, Eugene B. Shirley Jr., and E. G. Marshall, producers, Messengers from Moscow: The East Is Red, episode 2 of 4, TV documentary, aired 1995, 59:44 (London and New York: Barraclough Carey Productions, WNET, Pacem Productions, BBC Bristol, 1994).
17. Spence, The Search for Modern China, 589.
18. William E. Griffith, The Sino-Soviet Rift (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1964).
19. When the author arrived in Moscow to begin a period of graduate study at Moscow State University in 1974, she was waiting at the metro station when a group of Chinese made their way onto the platform. Russians waiting for a train cursed them and told her that Chinese were “fanatics.”
20. Ezra Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 610; and “Sovetsko-Kitaiskii Otnosheniia Normalizirovany,” Izvestiia, May 16, 1989.
21. “Novyi Etap v Sovetsko-Kitaiskikh Otnosheniiakh,” Pravda, May 20, 1989.
22. “Inter’viu M.S. Gorbacheva Kitaiskomu Televidenii,” Pravda, May 18, 1989.
23. A diplomat who accompanied Mr. Shevardnadze, in conversation with the author.
24. Vogel, Deng Xiaoping, 626.
25. Kissinger, On China, 458.
26. Valdai Discussion Club meeting, October 2014.
27. Cited in John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1997), 67. According to Liu’s interpreter, the Chinese were so offended that they refused to drink to Stalin’s toast, thereby angering their host.
28. “Granitsa S Kitaem Stanovitsia Zona Sotrudnichestvo,” Krasnaia Zvezda, November 11, 1993.
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