62. “Suverenitet ne Ikona,” Gazeta, October 24, 2016, http://gazta.ru/business/2013/10/24/5722545.shtml.
63. Rilka Dragneva and Kataryna Wolczuk, Russia and Eurasia Programme, The Eurasian Economic Union: Deals, Rules, and the Exercise of Power (London: Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, May 2017), https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2017-05-02-eurasian-economic-union-dragneva-wolczuk.pdf.
64. “‘Nobody in Uzbekistan Knows Who Pushkin Is’?” Meduza, June 15, 2017, https://meduza.io/en/shapito/2017/06/15/nobody-in-uzbekistan-knows-who-pushkin-is.
65. Armenian official in conversation with the author, Moscow, May 2017.
Chapter Seven: “The Past Is Always Changing”: Russia and Ukraine
1. Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs: 1613–1918 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 232.
2. Serhii Plokhy, The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine (New York: Basic Books, 2015), 41–42.
3. Oliver Stone, The Putin Interviews: Oliver Stone Interviews Vladimir Putin (New York: Hot Books, 2017), 192–93.
4. Anatol Lieven, Ukraine and Russia: A Fraternal Rivalry (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1999), 13.
5. Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009), 42.
6. Plokhy, The Gates of Europe, 50.
7. Paul Robert Magocsi, A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010), 194.
8. Plokhy, The Gates of Europe, 98–100.
9. “From ‘Malorossiya’ with Love?” Digital Forensic Research Lab, July 18, 2017, https://medium.com/dfrlab/from-malorossiya-with-love-8765ed30242d.
10. Marvin L. Kalb, Imperial Gamble: Putin, Ukraine, and the New Cold War (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2015), 55.
11. Plokhy, The Gates of Europe, 226–27.
12. Plokhy, The Gates of Europe, 253.
13. Magocsi, A History of Ukraine, 574.
14. Mark Kramer, “Why Did Russia Give Away Crimea Sixty Years Ago?” Cold War International History Project, Wilson Center, March 19, 2014, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/why-did-russia-give-away-crimea-sixty-years-ago.
15. Plokhy, The Gates of Europe, 298–99.
16. Roger Highfield, “25 Years After Chernobyl, We Don’t Know How Many Died,” New Scientist, April 21, 2011, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20403-25-years-after-chernobyl-we-dont-know-how-many-died/.
17. Reuters, “After the Summit; Excerpts from Bush’s Ukraine Speech: Working ‘for the Good of Both of Us,’” New York Times, August 2, 1991, http://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/02/world/after-summit-excerpts-bush-s-ukraine-speech-working-for-good-both-us.html?pagewanted=all.
18. Serhii Plokhy, The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union (New York: Basic Books, 2014), 306–15.
19. “Annual Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation,” President of Russia website, April 25, 2005, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/22931.
20. Samuel Charap and Timothy Colton, Everyone Loses: The Ukraine Crisis and the Ruinous Contest for Post-Soviet Eurasia (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2016), 56.
21. Global Witness, It’s a Gas: Funny Business in the Turkmen-Ukraine Gas Trade, https://www.globalwitness.org/en/reports/its-gas/.
22. Steven Pifer, The Eagle and the Trident: US-Ukraine Relations in Turbulent Times (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2017).
23. “Rossisko-Amerikanskii Dialog v Kremle,” Krasnaia Zvezda, January 14, 1994.
24. Strobe Talbott, The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (New York: Random House, 2002), 114. See “Tri Prezidenta Stavit v Kremle Posledniuiu Tochku v Kholodnoi Voini,” Izvestiia, January 15, 1994.
25. Pifer, The Eagle and the Trident, 70.
26. Celestine Bohlen, “Ukraine Agrees to Allow Russians to Buy Fleet and Destroy Arsenal,” New York Times, September 4, 1993, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/04/world/ukraine-agrees-to-allow-russians-to-buy-fleet-and-destroy-arsenal.html.
27. Pifer, The Eagle and the Trident, 31.
28. Angela E. Stent, “Ukraine’s Fate,” World Policy Journal 11, no. 3 (Fall 1994): 83–87.
29. Michael Specter, “Setting Past Aside, Russia and Ukraine Sign Friendship Treaty,” New York Times, June 1, 1997, http://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/01/world/setting-past-aside-russia-and-ukraine-sign-friendship-treaty.html.
30. Pifer, The Eagle and the Trident, 197–98.
31. Margareta M. Balmaceda, Energy Dependency, Politics, and Corruption in the Former Soviet Union (New York: Routledge, 2008).
32. Andrew Fedynsky, “Perspectives,” Ukraine Weekly, September 21, 2003, http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/380316.shtml.
33. Condoleezza Rice, No Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years in Washington (New York: Random House, 2011), 358.
34. Andrei Litvinov, “Vybory. Vladimir Putin Ukazal Viktoru Ianukovychu Na Mesto,” Gazeta 188, October 11, 2004.
35. Oleksandr Sushko and Olena Prystayko, “Western Influence” in Anders Aslund and Michael McFaul, ed., Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine’s Democratic Breakthrough (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006).
36. Kenzi Abou-Sabe, Tom Winter, and Max Tucker, “What Did Ex-Trump Aide Paul Manafort Really Do in Ukraine?” NBC News, June 27, 2017, http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/what-did-ex-trump-aide-paul-manafort-really-do-ukraine-n775431.
37. Steven R. Weisman, “Powell Says Ukraine Vote Was Full of Fraud,” New York Times, November 25, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/25/politics/powell-says-ukraine-vote-was-full-of-fraud.html.
38. Angela E. Stent, The Limits of Partnership: US-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), 115.
39. Stone, The Putin Interviews, 175.
40. Rajan Menon and Eugene Rumer, Conflict in Ukraine: The Unwinding of the Post-Cold War Order (Cambridge, MA and London, UK: MIT Press, 2016) ,38.
41. “Ukraine Ditches Plans for EU Deal, Turns to Russia,” Sputnik, November 21, 2013, http://en.ria.ru/russia/20131121/184845623/Ukraine-Rejects-Laws-to-Free-Tymoshenko-Jeopardises-EU-Deal.html.
42. “Joint Declaration of the Eastern Partnership Summit, Vilnius, 28–29 November 2013,” Lithuanian Presidency of the Council of the European Union, archives, December 2, 2013, http://www.eu2013.lt/en/news/statements/-joint-declaration-of-the-eastern-partnership-summit-vilnius-28-29-november-2013.
43. “In Pictures: Inside the Palace Yanukovych Didn’t Want Ukraine to See,” The Telegraph, 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/10656023/In-pictures-Inside-the-palace-Yanukovych-didnt-want-Ukraine-to-see.html?frame=2834873.
44. “Demokraticheskii Gosperevorot v Ukraine,” http://ru-an.info/новости/государственный-переворот-в-украине-подготовлен-сионистской-мафией/.
45. “Kerry’s Statement on Ukraine,” New York Times, December 10, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/world/europe/kerrys-statement-on-ukraine.html.
46. Marci Shore, The Ukrainian Night: An Intimate History of Revolution (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017), 69.
47. Senior German diplomat, who was present at the talks, in conversation with the author. The European side believed that Yanukovych had signed the agreement in good faith.
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