Robert Service: The Penguin History of Modern Russia

Ukrainian Autocephalous Church, 203, 369

Ukrainian language, 316

Ulyanov family, 71

Ulyanov, Alexander (Lenin’s brother), 71

Ulyanov, Vladimir see Lenin, Vladimir I.

Ulyanova, Maria (Lenin’s sister), 153

unemployment, 55, 170, 356

‘Union Bureau’, 185

Union of Landowners, 39

Union for the Liberation of Ukraine, 200

Union of Right Forces (party), 561

Union of the Russian People, 11, 53

Union of Sovereign States: proposed, 505–7

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): formed, 132–3; Constitution, 133 , 152; Western dislike of, 170, 398; post-World War II status, 294–5; rivalry with USA, 294, 301–2, 310, 312–13, 330, 336, 400; World War II damage and casualties, 295; in Cold War with USA, 312–13; at Stalin’s death, 328; as super-power, 397, 551; and détente with West, 399; Yeltsin’s proposals for, 505–6; ends, 507, 509–10; achievements, 550–51; passing regretted, 529; see also Commonwealth of Independent States

Union Treaty (Novo-Ogarëvo agreement, 1991), 494–9, 506

Union of Writers: Congresses, (1934), 248; (1986), 448

Union of Writers of the RSFSR, 480

united front: Comintern disavows, 178

United Nations: formed, 294; and Korean war, 312; Gorbachëv addresses Assembly (1988), 465, 468

United Opposition, 160–62, 164

United Russia (party), 552–3, 559

United States of America: and World War I, 78; and Russian civil war, 102; diplomatic relations with USSR, 229; in World War II, 268, 277; sends wartime supplies to USSR, 269; and post-World War II European settlement, 271; in war against Japan, 272; Soviet wartime suspicion of, 280; post-war rivalry with USSR (‘Cold War’), 294, 301, 302, 310, 312–13, 330, 336, 400; foreign policy hardens, 308; and Korean war, 312, 330; Eastern Europe an policy, 330; Khrushchëv’s policy on, 352–4; Khrushchëv visits, 353; threatens nuclear retaliation, 353; Khrushchëv attacks, 362; and Cuba missile crisis, 374; and nuclear control, 388; and détente with USSR, 399; relations with China, 399–400; and Vietnam War, 399; and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 411; Andropov suggests mutual accords with, 432; and Gorbachëv, 444, 464–5, 496; Clinton–Yeltsin ‘partnership’, 536

Unity (party), 552

universities, 141, 321

Urals Republic, 521

Urals-Siberian method, 174

urbanization, 245–6, 328, 421

Usov, Vladimir, 501

Ustinov, Dmitri, 236, 404, 426, 428, 431, 434

Uzbekistan: nationalism, 131, 391, 474; education in, 190; scandals in, 456; ethnic violence, 481–2; declares sovereignty (1990), 489–90; joins Commonwealth of Independent States, 507; resistance to reform, 553

Uzbeks: birth rate, 422; riots with Meshketian Turks, 481

Valentinov, Nikolai, 71

Vareikis, I.M., 213

Varennikov, General Valentin, 497–8

Varga, Jenö, 301

Vasilevski, Alexander, 265

Venezuela, 562

Venzher, V.G., 322

Vienna summit (1961), 354

Vietnam, 389, 399

villages see communes; peasants

Vilnius, 296, 457, 494

Vinogradov, V.N., 324

Vistula, river, 121

Vladivostok, 4, 399, 460, 465

Vlasik, N.S., 324

Vlasov, Aleksei, 421

Vlasov, Lieut.-General A.N., 264, 277, 300

Voice of America (radio), 415

Volga Germans, 276–7, 367

Volga region, 79, 102, 104, 106

Volga, river: pollution, 468

Volsky, Arkadi, 515

Volunteer Army, 113

Vorkuta, 335

Voronov, G.I., 401–3

Voroshilov, Kliment E., 155, 219–20, 241, 262, 265, 316, 333

Voznesenski, Andrei, 365

Voznesenski, Nikolai A., 302, 303

Vrangel, General Pëtr N., 116, 136

Vyazma, 264

Vyborg (Finland), 15

Vysotski, Vladimir, 415

wages: level of, 143, 146, 178, 250, 304–5, 356–7, 416; differential, 192; increase under Gorbachëv, 468; arrears under Yeltsin, 516, 519, 541

Wałesa, Lech, 409

War Communism, 127, 170

War-Industry Committees (World War I), 29–30

Warsaw: and Russian advance in World War II, 267; Soviet building in, 323; 1956 strikes, 342

Warsaw Pact: formed,

337; and Polish unrest, 411; and Gorbachëv’s foreign policy, 442–3, 463–4, 484;

see also Eastern Europe

Webb, Sidney and Beatrice: Soviet Communism: A New Civilization? , 240

Weinberger, Caspar, 444

welfare see social welfare

West Germany see German Federal Republic

wheat see grain

White armies, 102, 113, 116–17

White House see Moscow

Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 1, 102, 107

Winter Palace (St Petersburg), 65, 89

Witte, Sergei, 4, 14

women: exercise power, 86; position of, 143, 417; and abortion, 422; and Andropov’s regime, 429–30

Women of Russia (party), 527, 530

workers: pre-World War I expansion, 8; aspire to control,

56; win control, 68, 88; direct action by, 69; apathy about soviets, 83; post-revolutionary status, 87–8; behaviour, 89–90; education of, 96, 142; in state administration, 96; unrest, 122; Bolshevik advancement of, 142–4; acquiescence, 146; and conditions of employment, 146; conditions, 184; under First Five-Year Plan, 184; and Stakhanovism, 217, 244; wartime diet, 276; turnover, 359–60; conditions under Brezhnev, 409–10; promotion reduced, 422; after communism, 541; poverty level, 539; see also labour

Workers’ Opposition, 117–18, 121, 125–6, 161

Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate, 118–19, 148, 171

World Trade Centre (New York), 554–5

World War I: outbreak, 25–6; conduct of, 26–7, 30, 49, 52–3; 1917/18 peace agreement, 62, 68,

75–8; unrest against, 81; and change in social behaviour, 143

World War II: conduct and campaigns, 254–73; outbreak (1939), 256; early Soviet setbacks, 260–62; ends, 272; administration and organization in, 276–9; casualties and damage, 279, 286, 295–6; repression in, 280; living conditions, 285; German occupation regime and behaviour, 286–90; patriotism in, 288–90writers and artists

see intelligentsia; literature

Yabloko (‘Apple’; political grouping), 526, 557, 561

Yagoda, G., 185, 218, 221

Yakovlev, Alexander: opposes Russian nationalism, 423; radicalism, 449, 459; Gorbachëv promotes, 459, 462, 486; and Eastern Europe, 463; Gorbachëv’s view of, 487; voted off Central Committee, 490–91, 493; rift with Gorbachëv, 493; warns Gorbachëv of coup, 496; at siege of Moscow White House, 501

Yakovlev, Yegor, 449

Yakunin, Gleb, 382, 476

Yalta conference (1945), 263, 269, 271–2, 305

Yanaev, Gennadi, 494, 496, 498–501

Yanson, N., 178–9

Yaroshenko, L.D., 322

Yaroslavski, Emelyan M., 198, 237

Yashin, Lev, 357, 421

Yavlinski, Grigori, 534, 557, 561

Yazov, Marshal Dmitri T., 496, 499, 501–2

Yefimov, Boris, 168

Yegorychev, N.G., 384

Yekaterinburg see Sverdlovsk

Yeltsin, Boris: and Russian identity, 132; appointed to Central Committee Secretariat, 438; background and character, 439, 453, 503–5, 510, 532; Gorbachëv promotes, 442; and public opinion, 449; urges faster reforms, 452–3, 488; relations with Gorbachëv, 453, 503; resigns from Politburo, 453; endorses Gorbachëv at 19th Party Conference, 461–2; elected to Congress of People’s Deputies, 475; sets up formal opposition, 475; wins seat on Supreme Soviet, 475; popularity, 477, 496, 504, 513; and Gorbachëv’s remaining in party, 487, 491; elected Chairman of RSFSR Supreme Soviet, 488; dispute with Polozkov, 489, 494; drinking, 489, 513, 530; at 28th Party Congress, 491; supports commission on economic recovery, 492; works with Gorbachëv, 494; political reforms in RSFSR (‘de-partization’), 495; and attempted coup against Gorbachëv, 498, 500; and storming of Moscow White House (1991), 500–502; supports independence for Baltic states, 503; policies and political administration, 505–6, 513; and break-up of USSR, 507; economic reforms, 509–10, 512–17, 525–6, 532; leadership, 509–11, 513, 522–3, 529; opposition to, 512, 520–24, 531, 532, 538; political appointees, 512–13, 515–16, 522, 529–31; attitude to internal republics, 520–21; resists Russian Supreme Soviet impeachment call, 522–3; constitutional reforms, 523, 527; attacks White House (October 1993), 524–5; and 1993 election results, 528; and ‘the oligarchs’ 532, 538; constitutional powers, 528–9, 531; and international affairs, 535, 536–8; and Chechnya, 533–4, 545–6; health decline, 530, 532; stands and wins in 1996 Presidential election, 530; and the Army, 538; and the media, 538; fundamental reform, attitude to, 529; retires, 546