Robert Service - The Penguin History of Modern Russia

Pskov, 283

psychiatry: punitive, 382

Public Chamber, 557

Pugachëva, Alla, 539

Pugo, Boris, 494, 499–501

Pulkovo Heights, near St Petersburg, 67

purges, 214–21, 223, 225, 229–31, 236, 337, 339; see also terror

Pushkin, Alexander, 11, 206, 322, 324

Putilov armaments plant, 32

Putin, Vladimir: becomes Prime Minister, 545; relationship to Yeltsin, 545–7; and Chechnya, 533, 538, 546, 547, 555, 566; becomes President, 547; background and policies, 530, 545–61, 563; and ‘the oligarchs’, 532, 538, 548–9, 561, 563; attitude to communism, 548

Pyatakov, Grigori L., 152, 162, 219–20

Pyatigorsk, 320

Pyatnitski, Osip, 221

Radek, Karl, 161, 219

radio, 191

Radio Liberty, 415

Radishchev, Alexander, 17

Railwaymen’s Union, 66

railways, 4, 28, 38, 103

Rajk, László, 311

Rëkosi, Mëtyës, 343

Rakovsky, C.G., 134

Rapallo, Treaty of (1922), 158–9

Rashidov, Sharaf, 391

Rasputin, Grigori, 20, 27

Rasputin, Valentin, 415, 497

rationing: and class, 87, 95; low level, 119; abolished (1921), 127; abolished (1936), 249; in World War II, 278; in 1970s, 418; under Gorbachëv and Yeltsin, 470; see also food supply

Reagan, Nancy, 444

Reagan, Ronald, 411; Strategic Defence Initiative, 432, 443, 446; summit with Andropov, 432; and Gorbachëv, 444, 460, 463–5

recreation see leisure; sport

Red Army see Soviet Army

Red Guards: in October Revolution, 61, 65, 67, 75

Red Terror (1918), 108, 116

refuseniks, 400, 414

regional economic councils ( sovnarkhozy ), 351, 379, 389

regionalism, 45, 115, 424–5, 521

Reichenau, Field-Marshal Walter von, 288

religion: popular observance and belief, 9–10, 250, 370; Bolshevik harassment of, 135–6, 203–5; resistance to Party, 245; tolerated in World War II, 281–2; under German occupation, 287; Khrushchëv attacks, 369–70; see also Muslims; Orthodox Church

Repentance (film), 450

Repin, Ivan, 11

republics (Soviet): status, 114–16

Retyunin, Mark, 280

revolution of 1905, 13–14

revolution of February 1917, 34–5, 45, 47–8, 53, 82, 92, 567

revolution of October 1917, 62, 65, 73–4, 80, 85, 571; 70th anniversary, 453–4

Reykjavik: 1986 summit, 463, 465

Rhineland, 230

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 256–7

Riga: lost in World War I, 53–4, 77; 1962 disturbances in, 364; 1988 protests in, 473

Right Cause (party), 561

Right Centre, 88

Right Deviation, 176, 221

risings (popular) see discontent, social

Rodos, B.V., 340

Rodzyanko, Mikhail, 32

Rokossovski, Marshal Konstantin, 265

Romania: wins provinces, 128; right-wing dictatorship, 171; USSR annexes territory (1940), 258; Soviet post-War interest in, 271; in Moldavia, 284; provides contingents for German army, 286; and formation of Cominform, 308; condemns Brezhnev Doctrine, 388; criticizes Soviet leadership, 409; communist collapse in, 483–4

Romanian language, 316, 383

Romanov dynasty, 1, 20–21, 26, 33–4, 41, 72, 89, 107; see also Nicholas II, Tsar

Romanov, Grigori, 404, 434, 438–9

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 263, 269–72

Rosneft, 550, 551

Rostropovich, Mtsislav, 501

Royal Dutch Shell, 550

Rukh (Ukarinian popular front), 458, 481

rural life see agriculture; peasants

Russia (pre-Soviet): geography and definition, 3, 23, 128, 554; conditions before World War I, 6–7, 9; in World War I, 26–7; 1917/18 peace agreement, 75–7; territorial losses (1918), 84; see also Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Russian Academy of Sciences, 544

Russian Army (post-1991): formed, 518; in Chechnya, 533, 538, 541; corrupt management of, 533; unreadiness 533; incompetence

538; lack of political influence 538; see also Soviet Army

Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, 171, 201

Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) see Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Russian Communist Workers’ Party, 524

Russian Congress of People’s Deputies, 514

Russian Empire see Russia (pre-Soviet)

Russian Federation see Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic

Russian language, 319, 367

Russian Liberation Army, 277, 300

Russian Orthodox Church see Orthodox Church

Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, 14–15, 19–20, 71, 105

Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic (RSFSR; from 1936 Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic; now Russian Federation): formed, 84; Constitution, 88–9; state organization, 98, 103, 115–16, 129; autonomous republics in, 114, 129, 132, 391, 490; status, 114–16, 424; Party organization, 185; borders, 207; World War II casualties and damage, 296; part of East Prussia annexed to, 306; wage increases, 357; Bureau for, 367, 389; minorities in, 424; forms own Communist Party, 488–9; declares sovereignty (1990), 490; secession from USSR, 505; Yeltsin’s leadership, 511

Russian Supreme Soviet, 512–15, 521–4

Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, 515

Russians (people): geographical distribution, 23, 205; pro-Bolshevik sentiments, 83; and Bolshevik rule, 85, 128–9; in autonomous republics, 114; in RSFSR, 114–15; dominance, 132, 134, 329, 424, 478, 556; culture and identity, 205–8, 235, 246–7, 317–18, 423, 540–41, 553–4; serve in World War II, 283; casualties in World War II, 295–6; Stalin identifies with, 315–17, 554 ; and chauvinism, 316–17; Khrushchëv downplays, 363, 367; in non-Russian republics, 366–7, 457–8; birth rate, 422; and nationalism, 458; in Baltic republics, 482; mentioned in ‘A Word to the People’ protest, 497; and end of USSR, 510; intimidated in successor states, 520; see also nationalism (Russian)

Russia’s Choice ( Vybor Rossii ; party), 526, 528

Rutskoi, Alexander, 495, 500–502, 512, 515–16, 521, 523–5

Ryabushinski, P.P., 39

Rybalchenko, General Stepan D., 299

Rychagov, General P.V., 241

Rykov, Alexei, 172, 176, 221

Ryutin, Mikhail, 188, 193, 213

Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 430–31, 434, 438–9, 441, 445, 450–51, 468–9, 472, 479, 489, 492–3

Saakashvili, Mikhail, 560

sabotage, 250, 471

Sadat, Anwar, 389

Saddam Hussein, 560

Safin, Marat, 559

sailors see navy

Sakhalin, 551

St Petersburg (Petrograd; Leningrad): Bloody Sunday (1905), 13; soviet in, 14, 35–6, 47, 58, 61, 65, 105; renamed Petrograd, 27; in World War I, 31–3; workers’ control in, 38–9; Military-Revolutionary Committee (of soviet), 65; in October Revolution, 65; capital moved to Moscow from, 78; industrial workers, 96–7; Trotski in, 105; prisoners shot in Red Terror, 108; discontent and strikes, 125; renamed Leningrad, 154; World War II siege, 261, 264, 266–7, 285; purge (1948–9), 337, 339; sabotage acts against Gorbachëv, 471; economic buoyancy 541

Sajudis (Lithuanian nationalist organization), 457

Sakha ( formerly Yakutia), 521

Sakhalin, 273, 308

Sakharov, Andrei, 366, 381–2, 412–14, 450, 465, 475, 487, 511, 573

Samara ( sometime Kuibyshev), 101, 103, 106, 262

samizdat (self-publishing), 380–82, 414–15

Sanina, A.V., 322

Sarajevo, 25

Saratov, 73, 201

Sarkozy, Nicolas, 560

Sazonov, Sergei, 27

Schnittke, Alfred, 415

science and scientists, 247–8, 318, 324, 329

‘scissors’ crisis’, 155

Scott, John, 234

Secretariat (Party), 119, 148

Seleznëv, Gennadi, 531

Semichastny, V.Ye., 364, 376, 385