Robert Service - The Penguin History of Modern Russia

life expectancy, 518

Lifshits, Yevgeni, 248

Ligachëv, Yegor: Andropov promotes, 430–31; supports Gorbachëv, 435; Gorbachëv promotes, 438; background and career, 439; undermines Gorbachëv, 452–3, 458, 460, 476; and Russian nationalism, 458; at 19th Party Conference, 461; and Yeltsin, 462, 503; disbelieves in reform, 468; taunts Yeltsin over rationing, 470; loses offices, 489, 490, 521

linguistics: Stalin’s views on, 318–19, 322

lishentsy see ‘deprived ones’

literacy: pre-1914 rates, 6; Bolsheviks increase, 140–41, 190, 205

literature and writers, 139, 248, 324, 335, 344, 365–6, 414–15, 476–7; see also samizdat

Lithuania: protest demonstrations, 57, 473, 481; Germany acquires (1918), 84; Soviet republic established (1918), 107; independence, 128; awarded to Germany in 1939 Non-Aggression Treaty, 256–7; annexed by USSR, 258, 306, 398; Germans occupy, 261; post-World War II settlement, 270, 306; SS units from, 287; post-World War II deportations, 300; culture downgraded, 316; and Khrushchëv’s denunciation of Stalin, 342; nationalism, 366, 456, 473, 478; overrules Soviet legislation, 474; independence demands, 482, 503; Yeltsin reassures, 489; Soviet forces repress (1991), 494; resists State Committee for the Emergency Situation, 502; declines to join Commonwealth of Independent States, 507

Litvinenko, Alexander, 557

Litvinov, Maksim, 254, 256

Litvinov, Pavel, 387

livestock: killed by peasants, 181

living standards: among peasants, 147; under communism, 192–3; under Gorbachëv, 469–70; changes under Yeltsin, 517–19, 525, 534, 541–2, 553–4

lobbying organizations, 514–15

Lobov, Oleg, 512

Lominadze, Beso, 187

Lozovski, Semën, 317

Ludendorff, General Erich, 75, 78

Lukyanov, Anatoli, 499, 502, 511

Lunacharski, Anatoli, 94

Luzhkov, Yuri, 540, 547

Lvov, Prince Georgi, 29–30, 33, 35–6, 49–50, 60, 80

Lysenko, Timofei, 247, 318

McCartney, Paul, 477

machine-tool industry, 468

machine-tractor stations, 181–2

Macmillan, Harold, 349, 397

magnitizdat (cassette publishing), 380

Magnitogorsk, 191, 199

Main Administration for Affairs of Literature and Publishing Houses see Glavlit

Makashov, Albert, 524

Malenkov, Georgi: Stalin promotes, 241; submits to Stalin, 252; and conduct of World War II, 262; post-World War II policies, 302; position and status, 303; and Cominform, 308; at 19th Party Congress, 325–6, 328; favours light-industrial investment, 326; and Stalin’s death, 327; offices and policies after Stalin’s death, 331–3, 337–8; and Beria’s arrest, 334; advocates consumer-goods production, 335, 347, 379; conflict with Khrushchëv, 335–7, 348; and supplies to Ukraine in World War II, 339; and 20th Party Congress, 341; mission to Hungary, 343; dismissed and posted to Kazakhstan, 344, 345; seeks better relations with USA, 352; reviled at 22nd Party Congress, 360 malnutrition see food supply managers: courted by Bolsheviks, 95; protected, 194 ; and labour discipline, 243–4; discontent, 329; and Kosygin’s reforms, 379; opportunities reduced, 422; and Yeltsin’s reforms, 514–15; see also administrators

Manchuria, 255, 257, 273

Mandelshtam, Osip, 139, 248

Manuilski, Dmitri, 161

Mao Zedong, 311–12, 354, 378, 388

‘market, the’: under NEP, 144–5; under Stalin, 194–5, 244; under Yeltsin, 509, 512–15, 534, 535, 547; and criminal gangs, 512–13; and capitalism, 514

Marshall, George: European aid plan, 308, 310

Martov, Yuri, 59, 66

Marx, Karl, 92–3, 136, 317; Das Capital , 70

Marxism: organizations formed (1890s), 18; intellectual appeal, 19–20; dissemination of, 92, 136; as religion, 136; and withering away of state, 240

Marxism-Leninism: term adopted, 154; development of, 169; and Bukharin’s Right Deviation, 176; and Russian nationalism, 205, 207; and local party committees, 216; explained in A Short Course , 237–8; and administrators, 242; and cultural expression, 249, 281, 319; and post war young rebels, 299; and science, 318–19; absolutism, 324; and collective leadership, 332; Khrushchëv promotes, 356; and non-Christian faiths, 370; lacks popular support, 418; Andropov’s belief in, 429–30; Yeltsin on discrediting of, 512

mass communication, 92–3, 191, 200, 358

Mayakovski, Vladimir, 137–9

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 483

Mazurov, K.T., 403

Medvedev, Dmitri, 559–62

Medvedev, Roy, 298, 366, 381, 412–14, 433, 449, 511

Medvedev, Vadim, 462, 486, 493

Medvedev, Zhores, 412, 445

Meir, Golda, 316

Mekhlis, Lev, 265

Melnikov, Vladimir, 487

Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich, 8

Menshevik Party: rivalry and differences with Bolsheviks, 19–20, 63, 66, 104; repressed under Nicholas II, 29; and Provisional Government, 35; constitutional aims, 45–6; disaffected Bolsheviks join, 48; seeks end to World War I, 51–2; Kerenski seeks support from, 53; wins over army, 54; Lenin disavows, 59, 118; anti-capitalism, 62–3; and October Revolution, 65; non-cooperation in Lenin’s 1917 government, 66–7; formed, 71; excluded from Sovnarkom, 74; repressed by Bolsheviks, 93, 185; excluded from soviets, 107; Lenin proposes trials of, 128; denounced, 134; excluded from politics, 161; and opposition to Bolshevik Party, 188

mental illness, 417

Mercader, Ramon, 231

Meshcherski, V.P., 96

Meshketian Turks, 367–8, 481

Mid-Volga Regional Committee, 186

middle class: 1917 representative bodies, 39; in Bolshevik leadership, 49; demoralized by reforms, 88; terror used against, 108; in administration, 145; and private trade, 145; after communism, 553; see also bourgeoisie

‘middle-peasantization’, 90–91

Mikhail, Grand Duke, 33

Mikhelson Factory, Moscow, 107

Mikhoels, Solomon, 316

Mikoyan, Anastas: and grain procurement, 170; dissents at 17th Party Congress, 213; submits to Stalin, 219; supports Stalin, 241; visits Stalin on German invasion, 261; favours light-industrial production, 302; Stalin accuses of political cowardice, 327; position after Stalin’s death, 331; and plot against Beria, 333; denounces Stalin at 20th Party Congress, 338; visits Hungary, 343; and Novocherkassk unrest, 364; and plot to depose Khrushchëv, 376–7

Military Opposition, 112

Milosevic´ Slobodan, 537

Milyukov, Pavel Nikolaevich, 27, 30, 33–4, 36, 45, 82

miners, 514–15

Mingrelian people, 325, 339

Ministry of Economics (Russian Federation), 535

Ministry of External Affairs (Russian Federation), 537

Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), 332–4; see also: NKVD

minorities see nationalities and minorities

Minsk, 296, 457

Mirbach, Count Wilhelm, 103

mitingovanie (neologism), 38

Mladenov, Petar, 463–4

modernization, 192

Mogilëv, 27, 30, 33

Moldavia: deportations from, 258, 300; Romanians in, 284; famine, 304; culture downgraded, 316; repressed under Khrushchëv, 369; Brezhnev in, 383; nationalism in, 474

Moldova: resists State Committee for the Emergency Situation, 502; joins Commonwealth of Independent States, 506; see also Moldavia

Molotov, Vyacheslav M.: and Lenin’s health decline, 151; supports Stalin, 171, 175, 241; as Moscow Party Committee secretary, 176; and compulsory collectivization, 179; hard line on Party power, 213–14; and Stalin’s use of terror, 216, 221, 223; on Politburo commission, 220; medal, 236; on 1936 Constitution, 240; submits to Stalin, 252; and Nazi pact (1939), 256; and Soviet bases in Baltic states, 257; discounts German attack on USSR, 258; speech on German invasion, 261; and conduct of World War II, 262; favours concentrating industry in European areas, 302; position and status, 303; wife’s persecution, 316, 325; visits Eisenstein with Stalin, 319; Stalin accuses of political cowardice, 327; and Stalin’s death, 327; position after Stalin’s death, 331–2; opposes reform, 332; foreign policy, 337; relations with Malenkov, 337; and 20th Party Congress, 338, 341; dismissed after conflict with Khrushchëv, 344; appointed to Mongolia, 345; reviled at 22nd Party Congress, 360; retirement, 477