Robert Service - The Penguin History of Modern Russia

Gerashchenko, Viktor, 516

German Communist Party, 107, 126, 158, 171, 178, 187

German Democratic Republic (East Germany): established, 311; emigration to West, 374; recognized by West Germany, 389; Gorbachëv on, 463; citizens seek asylum in Austria, 483

German Federal Republic (West Germany), 337, 389

German Social Democratic Party: advocates central planning, 63; opposes communist ‘March Action’ in (1921), 126, 158–9; propaganda, 140; Comintern declares enmity for, 178; communists campaign against, 187

Germany: as threat to Imperial Russia, 1; trade with Russia, 3; imperial Russian rivalry with, 24–5; naval power, 25; and outbreak of World War I, 26–7, 34, 53; returns Lenin to Russia, 47; in World War I, 49, 107; and 1917/18 peace agreement with Russia, 75–8, 80; and October Revolution, 75; unrest in, 81; 1918 territorial acquisitions, 84; and civil war in Russia, 102; Spartakist rising (1919), 112; 1918 defeat, 117; Soviet negotiations and agreement with, 158–9; rise of Nazism, 171; Stalin’s estimate of, 187; nationalism, 206; signs Anti-Comintern Pact, 230; and outbreak of World War II, 255–7; imports Soviet strategic materials, 259; invades and campaigns in USSR (1941), 260–67; defence of homeland, 270–71; World War II atrocities, 283, 286, 288–9; occupation regime, 286–90, 295–6; Soviet collaborators with, 287; industrial plant transferred to USSR, 307; partition, 308; economic recovery, 322

Gestapo, 223, 286

Ghana, 389

Gierek, Eduard, 386

Gil, Stepan, 107

glasnost, 448–9, 452, 459–60, 464, 466

Glasnost (journal), 480

Glavlit (Main Administration for Affairs of Literature and Publishing Houses), 137, 324, 366, 448

Goethe, J.W. von, 85

gold, 4, 159, 177

Gomułka, Władisław, 231, 311, 342–3, 386

Gorbachëv, Mikhail: abolishes Glavlit, 137; Marxist-Leninism, 370; reform programme, 397, 438–44, 446, 448–52, 454–5, 459–62, 466, 468, 479, 485, 490, 494; experiments with ‘links’ system, 402; background and career, 404–5, 435–7, 456; Andropov employs, 430–31, 433, 437; status and influence, 434; appointed General Secretary, 435, 438; formulation of ideas, 437–8, 443, 451, 454–5; visits abroad, 437, 440, 463; political appointments, 438–9, 456; character and style, 439–40; foreign policy and international relations, 442–5, 451, 455, 463–5; and defence commitments, 443–4; negotiates with Reagan, 444, 463; and Chernobyl disaster, 445–6; and collapse of USSR, 447, 507; and public debate (glasnost), 448–9; relations with Yeltsin, 453, 503, 512; speech on 70th anniversary of October revolution, 453–4; foreign policy, 455, 463–5; and nationalities question, 455–7; at 19th Party Conference, 461–2; replaces Gromyko as Chairman of Supreme Soviet, 463; arms reduction, 465–6; popularity in West, 465–6, 496; innocence, 466; mismanagement, 468; and Armenian earthquake, 469; and economic crisis, 470–71, 491–3, 495; accepts 1989 election results, 473; resistance and opposition to reforms, 473–6, 480–81, 485, 488, 493–5; chairs Congress of People’s Deputies, 474–5; popularity in USSR, 477, 479; and independence movements in republics, 481; and collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, 483–4; contradictions in policy, 485–6; remains in Party, 486–7, 491; proposes socialist liberation, 487; at 18th Party Congress, 490–91; attempted coup against (1991), 491, 496–500, 502, 530; loses popularity, 491, 495–6, 499–500; maintains unity of USSR, 494; works with Yeltsin, 494; resignation, 495, 505, 507; Perestroika (book), 453–4, 465

Gorbachëva, Raisa, 436, 438, 453, 455–6, 469, 486, 498, 502

Gordov, General Vasili N., 299

Gorki (city), 412, 414

Gorki, Maksim, 137, 191, 206, 248

Gosagroprom see State Committee for the Agro-Industrial Complex

Gosizdat (state publisher), 138

Gosplan see State Planning Commission

Gottwald, Clement, 307

Grachëv, Pavel, 500, 524, 533

grain: pre-World War I production, 5; World War I regulation of trade, 31, 52, 79–80; production, 78–9, 124; state procurement of, 104, 109, 118, 164, 170, 172–4, 182–3, 194, 305; distribution, 108–9; hoarding by peasants, 109–10; and tax in kind, 124–5; fall in world prices, 147, 159, 177; marketing by peasants, 147; exports under NEP, 155; exports under First Five-Year Plan, 177; quotas, 184; post-World War II production, 328; production under Khrushchëv, 350; production under Brezhnev, 401; purchased abroad, 401; price controls lifted (1993), 525; see also harvests

Great Depression (1929), 170, 177

Great Terror (1937–8) see terror

Great War (1914–18) see World War I

Grebenshchikov, Boris, 543

Greece, 271, 306

Greek Catholic (Uniate) Church, 369

Grigoryants, Sergei, 480

Grishin, Viktor, 428, 434–5, 442

Groman, Vladimir, 145

Gromov, General Boris, 497

Gromyko, Andrei, 354, 404, 426, 428, 435, 438, 462–3

Grossman, Vasili, 289; Forever Flowing , 478; Life and Fate , 416

Group of Seven: Gorbachëv appeals to, 496

Grozny (Chechnya), 533, 538, 546

Guchkov, Alexander, 16, 30, 33, 36

Gulag (and forced labour), 179, 191, 210, 223–5, 252, 277, 279–80, 301, 328–9, 335, 342, 451–2; wartime deaths in, 278; Khrushchëv releases inmates, 345, 358–9, 370

Gusinski, Vladimir, 549, 550, 561

Gypsies, 222, 286

Habsburg dynasty, 26–8

harvests: 1917 shortage, 78–9; 1920 decline, 124; high 1926–7 level, 164; 1928–30 average, 181; 1936 fall, 218; low 1952 level, 304; 1954–55 improvements, 337–8; and Khrushchëv’s reforms, 337–8, 350, 352, 375, 385; 1963 low level, 375; 1964 improvement, 385

Havel, Vacláv, 483

health and medical care, 417–18

Helsinki Final Act (1975), 400, 413

Herzegovina: Austria annexes (1908), 24

Herzen, Alexander, 17

Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von Beneckendorff und von, 75

historiography of Russia since 1900: xxv–xxxii

history: writing of official Soviet, 206, 316, 368, 419, 479

Hitler, Adolf: Comintern disregards, 178; Stalin misjudges, 187; and ‘Final Solution’, 202, 222–3; rise to power, 206; occupies Rhineland, 230; annexes Austria and Sudetenland, 231; totalitarianism, 253; and outbreak of World War II, 255–6; and pact with USSR (1939), 256; and invasion of USSR, 259, 265–6, 573; and campaign in USSR, 262, 266–7; death, 272, 293; mistrusts Volga Germans, 277; and Soviet popular resistance, 286; and German atrocities in Russia, 288, 290; see also Germany; Nazi party

Hohenzollern dynasty, 26

Holland: Germans occupy, 258

homelessness, 517–18; see also housing

Honecker, Erich, 464, 483

honours and awards, 236–7

housing, 192, 357, 359, 418, 517–18

Hrushevskyi, Mihaylo, 132

Human Rights Committee, 382

Hungary: 1919 Soviet Republic, 120; post-World War II settlement, 271, 307; supplies contingents for German army, 286; and formation of Cominform, 308; unrest in, 336; 1956 rising and suppression, 343–4, 353, 387, 443, 454; reforms under Ka´da´r, 385–6; and Gorbachëv’s reforms, 464; allows East German immigration and transit, 483; joins NATO, 537

Husák, Gustáv, 387, 464, 483

hydrogen bomb, 336, 353; see also nuclear weapons

identity booklets (‘internal passports’), 207–8

ideological authoritarianism, 99, 117

Ignatov, Nikolai, 377

illiteracy see literacy

IMF, 531, 535

Imperial Academy, 8

Imperial Economic Society, 7

imperialism, 128–9

India, 129, 388, 538

‘Industrial Party’, 185

industrial relations see strikes

industry and industrialization: and military strength, 3–4; pre-World War I development, 4–5, 7, 22; labour, 7; growth in World War I, 28–9, 31; Bolshevik policy on, 79–80; World War I production fall, 79; nationalization of, 92, 95, 110; Lenin proposes capitalist syndicates for, 95; post-World War I production decline, 109, 124; small-scale manufacturing under NEP, 126–7; Trotski’s plans for, 151; recovery under NEP, 155, 162, 186; planning campaigns, 160; under Stalin, 175–6, 194, 234, 275–6; under Five-Year Plans, 182, 186, 194; Stakhanovism in, 217; in World War II, 266; regional policy, 302; capital goods, 303–4, 329; Khrushchëv’s policy on, 351; production increases under Brezhnev, 385; capacity (1970s), 397–8; 1979 reforms, 408; statistics on (1966–80), 408; Gorbachëv’s proposed reforms, 440–41; inefficiency, 467–8; increased output (1983–7), 469; production falls under Yeltsin, 516; privatization, 531, 534, 541–2; see also consumer goods