Robert Service - The Penguin History of Modern Russia

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 75–6, 78–80, 84–6, 93, 102–3, 107, 173, 268, 326

Brezhnev, Leonid: career, 236, 383, 568; Khrushchëv sends to Kazakhstan, 338; as Khrushchëv’s protégé, 373, 383; and ousting of Khrushchëv, 376–8; administration, 379–80, 391, 397, 399–400; displaces Shelepin, 379; agricultural policy, 380, 400–403; avoids excessive repression, 382; qualities and background, 382–4, 404; as General Secretary, 385; visits Prague, 386; and Czechoslvak Spring, 387; Doctrine, 387–8; visits abroad, 388, 399; and nationalist aspirations, 390; and Party discipline, 391–2, 399; death and funeral, 397, 426–7, 435; foreign policy, 399; memoirs, 403; political appointments and promotions, 403; health decline, 404, 425–6; personal cult, 404; at 24th Party Congress, 405–6; and static policy, 409; and dissenters, 413; and repression, 415; and material improvements, 417; and ideology, 419; liking for popular entertainment, 421, 425; allows Jewish emigration, 423; and legality, 425; succession to, 426; appoints Andropov to head KGB, 429; and Gorbachëv, 437, 451; Yakovlev criticizes, 459; Yeltsin visits, 504; his post-Soviet reputation, 529

Brezhneva, Galina (Leonid’s daughter), 383, 426

Brezhneva, Viktoria (Leonid’s wife), 382

Britain: empire, 3, 96; in Franco-Russian entente, 3; Imperial Russian disputes with, 24; and German naval rivalry, 25; in World War I, 25, 78; intervenes in civil war, 102; diplomatic relations with USSR, 229; and outbreak of World War II, 255–7; conduct of World War II, 259, 272, 277; post-war status, 294; state welfare system, 294; resists reparation demands on Germany, 308; in Suez war (1956), 343

British Council, 557

Brodski, Iosif, 412

Bronshtein, Lev Davydovich see Trotski, Lev

Brusilov, General Alexei A., 30, 120

Brutus, 93

Buddhists, 369

budget: deficits, 467–8; balancing under Yeltsin, 510, 532, 535

Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich: agrees to 1918 peace settlement, 77–8; in Central Committee, 85; revolutionary aims, 92; administrative agreement with colleagues, 110; encourages German communism, 126; encourages popular education, 142; and Lenin’s health decline, 151; Lenin criticizes, 152; disagreements with Lenin, 153; and succession to Lenin, 154–5; attacks Trotski, 156; supports NEP, 156, 158, 162, 172–4; and Western powers, 158; on world capitalism, 159; economic policy, 160, 186–7; reviles critics, 161; and agricultural prices, 164, 173; opposes Stalin’s economic policies, 172–4; qualities, 173–4; conflicts with Stalin, 174–6; forced to condemn rightist policies, 178; dismissed from Politburo, 179; opposes compulsory collectivization, 179, 195; edits Izvestiya , 194; criticized at 17th Party Congress, 213; accused of espionage, 221, 223; arrested and tried, 223, 228, 240; denounced, 238; Khrushchëv and, 341, 348; rehabilitation, 459; historical accounts of, 479; The ABC of Communism (with Preobrazhenski), 142; ‘Notes of an Economist’, 173

Bukovina: annexed by USSR, 258

Bukovski, Vladimir, 412

Bulgakov, Mikhail, 248

Bulganin, Nikolai, 241, 337, 347, 352

Bulgaria: in Second Balkan War, 25; in World War II, 258; Soviet post-War award, 271; and formation of Cominform, 308; Gorbachëv and, 463; communist collapse in, 483

Bulletin of the Opposition (Trotski), 188

Burbulis, Gennadi, 512

bureaucracy: personnel, 145, 320; venality in, 145–6; and record-keeping, 147–8; Gorbachëv on, 438; see also administrators

Buryatiya, 521

Bush, George W., 555, 556

Bykaw, Vasil, 415

capital: foreign investments in Russia, 4, 159, 163; industrial, 79; inter-war instability, 170; invested abroad, 519; after communism, 550, 562

capital goods: in post-World War II economy, 303–4, 329; under Khrushchëv, 352, 373

capitalism: Bolsheviks oppose, 62; and industrial syndicates, 95–6; state, 97; under NEP, 144; communist belief in collapse of, 178, 254; post-World War II, 294; Stalin’s views on global, 322–3; Khrushchëv criticizes, 356, 362; and Gorbachëv’s market economy, 385–6; adapts to welfare economics, 398; Gorbachëv recognizes success of, 437; under Yeltsin and subsequently, 469, 514, 533–6, 539–42, 550–1, 553–4, 558, 562–3, 573

Carter, Jimmy, 411

Caspian Sea: pollution, 468

Castro, Fidel, 352, 374

Caucasus: national aspirations, 40; kulaks deported, 195; see also Transcaucasus

Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 483–4

censorship, 94, 324, 366, 380–81; see also samizdat

Central Asia, 84, 86

Central Control Commission, 118, 148, 176

Central Intelligence Agency (United States), 341

Central State Bank, 452

centralization, political, 98, 110–11, 115–17, 129, 169, 452, 521

cereals see grain

Chagall, Marc, 94, 139

Chaikovski, Pëtr, 11, 249

Chaliapin, Feodor see Shalyapin, Fëdr

Chalidze, Valeri, 382

Change of Landmarks (group), 128

Chazov, Yevgeni, 404

Chebrikov, Viktor, 438

Chechens, 114, 276–7, 288, 367, 545, 573

Chechnya: declares independence (1991), 421; war in, 533, 538, 546; and Putin 546, 547, 555, 566

Cheka (Extraordinary Commission): formed, 69, 74, 92, 227; in civil war, 103; repression and terror by, 107–8, 110; appointments to, 148; see also OGPU

Chelyabinsk, 103, 364, 468, 518

Cherkessk (Stavropol region), 286, 296

Chernenko, Konstantin, 403–4, 426, 428, 433–5, 442

Chernobyl: nuclear power station accident, 445–6, 457, 469

Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 515–16, 522–3, 526, 529–31, 534, 537, 544

Chernov, Viktor, 19, 36–7, 51, 105

Chernyaev, Anatoli, 486

Chernyshevski, Nikolai, 17

Chiang Kai-shek, 162

Chicherin, Georgi, 158

Children of the Twentieth Congress, 356, 364, 450

Chile, 389, 399

China: Russian rail concession in, 3; 1924 treaty with USSR, 159; communists massacred, 162; acknowledges Soviet hegemony, 295; communist power in, 311; Treaty of Friendship with USSR, 311; resents Soviet friendship with USA, 354; Khrushchëv criticizes ‘dogmatism’ in, 362; border skirmishes with USSR, 388; rapprochement with USA (1970s), 399–400; Albania supports, 409; Gorbachëv’s overtures to, 465; Yeltsin’s relations with, 538

Chinese Communist Party: Politburo directs, 162

Chita province, 550

Chkalov, Valeri, 247

Christianity: divisions and sects, 10–11, 13; separation from state, 90; Bolshevik treatment of, 136, 318; see also Orthodox Church

Chronicle of Current Events, The ( samizdat journal), 382

Chubais, Anatoli, 512–15, 522, 525

Chubar, Vlas, 226

Chuikov, Vasili, 265

Churchill, (Sir) Winston S.: warns USSR of German invasion, 259; as war leader, 263; meetings with Stalin, 268–71, 273; and dissolution of Comintern, 270

CIS see Commonwealth of Independent States

Civil Code, 145

civil rights, 400, 412–13, 479

Civil War (1918–21), 101–2, 106, 112–13, 116–17, 123–4, 143

class (social): and employment, 7, 97; divisions, 9, 239; and rationing system, 87, 95; conflict, 92, 101, 179, 206, 454–5

clergy see priests and clerics

clientelism, 278, 323, 360, 392, 541

coal industry, 4, 78

Cold War, 294, 312–13, 336, 465

collective leadership, 332

collectivism, 89, 332

collectivization: Lenin on, 92; in Ukraine, 109; Stalin introduces, 170, 172, 202, 250; compulsory, 179–82, 234; peasant resistance to, 179, 183–4; supervision of, 186; and death rate, 201; and wartime food production, 276, 286; maintained under German occupation, 287; in Eastern Europe, 309, 311; Ovechkin writes on, 320; Danilov writes on, 381; under Brezhnev, 400–401