Robert Service - The Penguin History of Modern Russia

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Y. Taniuchi, ‘Decision-Making on the Urals-Siberian Method’ in J. Cooper et al . (eds), Soviet History, 1917–1953

W. Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (London, 2003)

R. Taylor, The Politics of the Soviet Cinema, 1917–1929 (Cambridge, 1979)

D. Thorniley, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Rural Communist Party, 1927–1939 (London, 1988)

N. S. Timasheff, The Great Retreat. The Growth and Decline of Communism in Russia (New York, 1946)

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R. A. Wade, The Russian Search for Peace, February–October 1917 (Stanford, CA, 1969)

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R. Walker, ‘Marxism-Leninism as Discourse: The Politics of the Empty Signifier and the Double Bind’, British Journal of Political Science , no. 2 (1989)

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E. Zaleski, Stalinist Planning for Economic Growth, 1933–1952 (London, 1980)

V. N. Zemskov, ‘Prinuditel’nye migratsii iz Pribaltiki v 1940–1950 gg’, Otechestvennye arkhivy , no. 1 (1993)

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Abakumov, V.S., 340

Abkhazia, 560

Abkhazians, 424, 481, 560

abortion, 143, 422

Abuladze, Tengiz, 415, 450

Achalov, Vladislav, 524

acquiescence, social, 146, 243–4, 250;

see also apathy

Adenauer, Konrad, 353

administrators: courted by Bolsheviks, 95; working-class, 96–7; and state centralism, 98, 111; recruits to, 145; material rewards and privileges, 193, 320–21, 371, 410, 550; under Stalin, 236–7, 240–43; indoctrination, 324; discontent, 329; obstructiveness under Khrushchëv, 360; and Khrushchëv’s reforms, 370–71; attitude to work, 417; complaints against, 424–5; and Yeltsin’s reforms, 514–15; under privatization, 538–9; see also managers

Adzharians, 424

Adzhubei, Aleksei, 347

Afanasev, Yuri, 460, 473, 475

Afghanistan: USSR invades (1979), 411; Soviet withdrawal from, 443, 465, 469, 480; costs, 469; American-led invasion (2002), 555

Africa, 389

Aganbegyan, Abel, 450, 492

Agitprop Department (of Party Central Committee), 132

Agrarian Party, 530

agriculture: pre-World War I development, 5, 7; World War I production, 79, 181; backwardness, 91; predominance, 147; improves under NEP, 155; diversification in, 163; prices, 164, 173, 263–4; low output, 181; mechanization, 181–2; under Five-Year Plans, 194–5; post-World War II disputes over, 302, 320; Khrushchëv’s reforms, 320, 347, 349–51, 401–2; Brezhnev’s policy on, 380, 400–403; increased production under Brezhnev, 385; 1980 output, 401; ‘links’ system, 401–2; Gorbachëv proposes reforms, 440, 470–71; inefficiency, 467; and imports, 470; stimulated 535, 542, 551, 558; see also collectivization; harvests