Robert Service - The Penguin History of Modern Russia

inflation: in World War I, 28, 52, 55, 79; under Gorbachëv, 496; under Yeltsin, 516, 529; see also prices

‘informals’ ( neformaly ), 476

Ingushi, 367

Institute of the Economy of the World Economic System, 450

Institute of Red Professors, 142, 173

intelligentsia: in imperial Russia, 11; support for Bolsheviks, 94–5; repressed and controlled by Bolsheviks, 137–9, 200–201, 245; and Stalin’s scholarly pretensions, 319; and Khrushchëv’s policies, 364, 366; and Brezhnev, 380–82, 387–8; and Gorbachëv’s glasnost, 449–50; see also dissenters

Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty (1987), 465

International, Communist see Comintern

International, Second, 25

International, Socialist, 62

International Monetary Fund see IMF

Internationale (anthem), 282

Inter-Regional Group, 475–6

Iov, Archbishop of Kazan, 370

Iran, 258, 308, 312, 556

Iraq, 555

iron, 4, 78

Islam see Muslims

Israel, 317, 343

Italy: unrest in, 120; fascist methods in, 140; Mussolini seizes power, 171; communist party follows Moscow line, 295, 306, 311; and conference on Cominform, 308; communist party abandons Moscow, 398

Ivan IV, Tsar (‘the Terrible’), 206, 226, 319

Ivanovo, 73

Ivashko, Vladimir, 481, 490, 496

Izvestiya (newspaper), 133, 191, 194, 348

Japan: 1904–5 war with Russia, 3, 14; Imperial Russian disputes with, 24; and Russian civil war, 102, 312; signs Anti-Comintern Pact, 230; aggression against USSR, 231, 255, 257; and threat of World War II, 255; in World War II, 268, 270, 272; surrenders (1945), 273; post-war rehabilitation, 308; economic recovery, 322

Jaruzelski, General Wojciech, 411

jazz, 365

Jewish Autonomous Region, 317, 325

Jews: Russian nationalists’ hatred of, 12; in Pale of Settlement, 13; and anti-Semitism, 116, 201, 365, 416, 423, 458; Nazi extermination of, 222, 286; in October Revolution, 250; persecuted, 316–17; Stalin’s antipathy to, 324–5, 416; allowed to emigrate, 400; and dissenters, 414; after communism, 540, 557

Kádár, János, 343, 385, 387, 464

Kadets (Constitutional-Democratic Party): established, 14; decamp at dissolution of 1st Duma, 15–16; denounce Nicholas II’s autocracy, 15; agrarian reform policy, 20; and beginning of World War II, 25; and Nicholas II’s abdication, 33; in Provisional Government, 34–6, 45; oppose division of state, 45; walk out of cabinet (1917), 49; reject Kerenski’s overtures, 51; in Kerenski’s 3rd coalition, 57–8; suppressed by Bolsheviks, 93, 107; White commanders disdain, 116; excluded from politics, 161

Kafelnikov, Y., 539

Kaganovich, Lazar: follows Stalin’s policies, 171; Stalin attacks, 195; and rebuilding of Moscow, 204–5; and Party power, 211–15, 303; on Politburo commission, 220; and Stalin’s Party purges, 221 ; supports Stalin, 241, 252; shaves off beard, 246; opposes reform after Stalin’s death, 332; relations with Malenkov, 337; dismissed and posted to Sverdlovsk, 344–5; recommends Khrushchëv to Stalin, 348; reviled at 22nd Party Congress, 360; retirement, 477

Kaganovich, Moisei, 243

Kalinin, Mikhail, 142, 219

Kaliningrad ( formerly Königsberg), 306

‘Kalinka’ (song), 530

Kalmyks, 367

Kamenev, Lev: favours co-operation with Mensheviks, 47; imprisoned (1917), 50; opposes Lenin’s plan to seize power, 60; relations with Lenin, 72; scepticism over Bolsheviks’ continuing support, 81 Jewishness, 85, 201; administrative agreement with colleagues, 110; in Politburo, 112, 151, 160; supports NEP, 125; Lenin criticizes, 152; disagreements with Lenin, 153; edits Lenin’s works, 154; and succession to Lenin, 154–5, 157–8; attacks Trotski, 156; in United Opposition, 160–61, 164; suppressed, 161; expelled from Party and re-admitted, 162, 188; tried and sentenced, 215–16; shot, 218

Kapitsa, Pëtr, 247, 573

Kaplan, Fanya, 107

Karachai, 367

Karaganda, 364, 472

Karelia: demands recognition of independence, 490, 521

Karlovy Vary (Czechoslovakia), 320

Kasparov, Garry, 557, 559

Kasyanov, Mikhail, 551, 569

Kataev, Valentin, 248

Katushev, Konstantin, 404

Kazakhstan: nationalism, 131, 391; population victimized, 201–2; Soviet Republic formed, 207; deportees settled in, 225, 276, 300, 368; Khrushchëv advocates agricultural development, 332, 338, 351–2, 379; party leadership replaced, 338; effects of nuclear testing in, 359; nationalist resurgence, 456, 458; scandals in, 456; Russians in, 458, 520; strikes, 472; non-cooperation with State Committee for the Emergency Situation, 503; joins Commonwealth of Independent States, 506

Kazan, 106

Kemerovo (Kuzbass), 472

Kemerovo coal-mine, 218

Kennedy, John F., 353–4, 374

Kerenski, Alexander: co-operation with other parties, 30 ; in Provisional Government, 33, 36, 49; heads Provisional Government, 50–54, 57; loses army support, 54; and social disruption, 56; in Pre-Parliament, 58; and Lenin’s bid for power, 59; and government collapse, 60; overthrown in October Revolution, 62, 67; escapes from Winter Palace, 65; in newsreels, 73; and promised elections, 74 KGB (Committee of State Security): and Cheka, 69; formed, 334; and Khrushchëv’s speech against Stalin, 341; unmentioned in Khrushchëv’s programme, 361, 363; Russians dominate, 367; and Orthodox Church, 369; repressive methods and acts, 382, 412, 414, 420; reports on popular opinion, 418; relaxes under Gorbachëv, 480

Khakamada, Irina, 553

Khalkhin-Gol, 255, 267

Kharitonov, Nikolai, 553

Kharkov, 73, 266–7

Khasan, Lake, battle of (1938), 231, 255

Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 495, 500, 512, 515–16, 521–5

Khataevich, M.M., 237

Khlysty (religious sect), 10

Khlystun, Oleg, 534

Khodorkovski, Mikhail, 550, 561

Khrennikov, Tikhon, 319

Khrushchëv, Nikita: supporters, 199, 450; and Great Terror, 223, 340, 348; Stalin admits trusting nobody to, 232; Stalin promotes, 241–2; on impending World War II, 259; on Stalin’s behaviour in World War II, 263–4; Stalin humiliates, 265; reforms, 293, 355–60, 372–3, 409; and agricultural reforms, 302, 320, 347, 349–51, 401–2; position and status, 303; and Stalin’s xenophobia, 316; on need for ‘vigilance’, 326; offices and policies after Stalin’s death, 332–3, 335–8, 346–7; in plot against Beria, 333–5; conflict with Malenkov, 335–7; denounces Stalin at 20th Party Congress, 338–42, 344, 360, 436; and Hungarian rising, 343–4; criticized, 344; prevails over opponents, 344–5; administration, 346–7, 349–55, 550; behaviour, 346, 349; personal publicity, 347–8; background and career, 348, 555; foreign policy, 352–4, 373–4, 399; overseas visits, 353, 376; achievements, 354–7, 375; programme of communism, 356, 360–63, 372, 405–6; and arts, 364–6, 416; anti-religion campaign, 369–70; antagonizes officials, 370–71, 375; enjoys luxuries, 371; repressive measures, 371–2; Party hostility to, 372–3, 375; and building of Berlin Wall, 373–4; and Cuban missile crisis, 374–5; contradictions and eccentricities, 375, 392; conspiracy against and ousting, 376–8, 385; in retirement, 388; in Brezhnev’s memoirs,

404; and dissenters,

413; promotes Andropov,

429; and public debate, 448

Kichko, T.: Judaism without Veneer , 423

Kiel naval garrison, 81

Kiev, 40, 49, 75, 120, 261, 264, 296, 364, 367

Kim Il-Sung, 312

Kirgiz (Kazakh) Republic: formed, 115

Kirienko, Sergei, 530, 535

Kirov, Sergei, 160, 213–15, 217, 340

Kissinger, Henry, 399

Klebanov, Vladimir, 414

Klub Perestroika, 476

Knorin, V.G. and others: The History of the All-Union Communist Party: A Short Course , 237–8, 249