Robert Service - The Penguin History of Modern Russia

monarchy, 7, 18–19, 32, 45–6; see also Nicholas II, Tsar

Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard Law, 1st Viscount, 272

Morocco, 24

Morozov, Pavlik, 245

Moscow: 1905 uprising, 15; capital moved to (1918), 78; underground railway (Metro), 192, 199, 247; rebuilding, 204, 323, 351; in World War II, 261–2; octocentenary celebrations (1948), 323; unrest under Gorbachëv, 494; ‘White House’ (RSFSR Supreme Soviet building), 500–502, 524

Moscow News (journal), 449

Moskalenko, Marshal Kiril S., 333, 372

Moslems see Muslims

Mozambique, 399

Mukden: Russian defeat (1905), 14

‘multipolarity’, 554

Murakhovski, Vsevolod, 440

Murmansk, 102

Muslims : in central Asia,

84; and nationalism, 131; Turkey and, 133; Bolshevik tolerance of, 135; clerics persecuted, 203–4; and Khrushchëv’s repression, 369–70

Musorgski, Modest, 11

Mussolini, Benito, 140, 171, 235, 293

Mzhavanadze, V.P., 391

Nagorny Karabakh, 133, 424, 457, 469

Nagy, Imre, 343

Nakhichevan, 133

Napoleonic Wars, 1, 10, 134

Narkomnats

see People’s Commissariat of Nationalities narodniki (populists), 17–19

Nashi , 557

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 352, 389

nationalism (non-Russian), 40, 83–5, 113–14, 130–32, 200–202, 208, 366–9, 390–91, 423, 456–8, 478, 481, 513

nationalism (Russian),

11–12, 23, 46, 115, 129–30, 134, 200–202, 205–8, 235, 246–7, 314, 390, 478, 480, 497, 536, 560–1

‘national programmes’ (Putin and Medvedev), 558

nationalities and minorities: under revolutionary government, 69; Soviet treatment of, 132–4; identification of, 207–8; deportations, 276–7, 284, 300, 329, 339, 367; in World War II,

283–4; cultures downgraded,

316; Khrushchëv on,

362–3; and birth rate,

422–3; growing dominance,

424; Gorbachëv on,

455–6; protest demonstrations,

457–8nationalization

see state economic ownership

NATO

see North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Nature (London journal), 416

navy: pre-revolutionary discontent in, 37–8; forms revolutionary committees, 56; sailors granted direct action, 69; demobilization, 86; unrest, 119, 122; Kronstadt mutiny (1921), 125, 127

Nazarchuk, Alexander, 534

Nazi party, 171, 178, 187, 235

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Treaty (1939), 256, 284, 457, 481

Neivola (Finland), 50

Neizvestny, 415

Nepenin, Admiral A.I., 37

nepmen, 144–5, 149, 163

Neumann, Franz, 187

New Economic Mechanism (Hungary), 385

New Economic Policy (NEP): introduced, 125–8, 146; and national expansion, 132–3; and dissentient thought, 138; and innovation, 141; reintroduces capitalism, 144–5, 149, 150; effects of, 149, 186; aims, 150; Party disputes over, 150, 158, 173–4; Trotski criticizes, 151, 155–6; prevails against United Opposition, 162; Stalin discontinues, 164, 169, 172–3, 190; Gorbachëv praises, 454

newspapers see press

Nicholas II, Tsar: notoriety, 1, 3; and war with Japan 3; supports industrialization, 4; questionable loyalty to, 12; supports Russian nationalist organizations, 12; represses minorities, 13; and 1905 revolution, 14–17; and popular discontent, 14; lacks respect, 20–22; attitude to Duma, 21–2, 29, 32; and constitutional changes, 23; abdicates, 26, 33; wartime opposition to, 30–33; complacency over labour movement, 32; hated by Bolsheviks, 48; in Tobolsk, 53–4; with family under house arrest, 60; and soviets, 60; and non-Russians, 84; murdered with family, 107; and wage levels, 143; and foreign loans, 163; historical denunciation of, 206; denounces politicking, 522; obstructs civil society, 566–7

Nikitin, A.M., 57

Nikolaev, Leonid, 214

Nikon, Patriarch, 10

Nixon, Richard M., 353, 398

Niyazov, Saparmurad, 503

NKGB (People’s Commissariat of State Security), 297; see also KGB

Nkrumah, Kwame, 389

NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs): and Cheka, 69; absorbs OGPU, 214; Yezhov heads, 218; Stalin’s links with, 219; in Great Terror, 221–2, 228–9; and Party purges, 221; infiltrates émigré groups, 231; status, 232; rivalry with Red Army, 233; runs special shops, 238; Beria heads, 242; informers, 245; in annexed territories, 258; and deportation of nationalities, 276; reduces diet in Gulag, 278

Nobel, Alfred, 4, 121

Noga (Ukrainian policeman), 287

nomenklatura: established, 148; numbers, 236; conditions, 237, 244, 321; children rebel, 370; and market opportunities under Yeltsin, 513, 515; under privatization, 538–9

Norilsk, 335, 472

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 312, 330, 398, 537, 550, 560–1

Norway: Germans occupy, 258

Novaya gazeta (newspaper), 556

Novo-Ogarëvo agreement see Union Treaty

Novocherkassk, 364, 372, 385, 409

Novosibirsk, 431, 440; Institute of Economics, 450

Novotný, Antonin, 386

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1969), 388

nuclear power stations: accidents, 445

nuclear weapons: development of, 301, 304, 311, 318, 336, 346, 353–4, 374, 432; Gorbachëv proposes destruction of, 465

Obama, Barack, 562

Observer (British newspaper), 341

‘October Events’ (1993), 525–6

October Manifesto (1905), 14, 16

October Revolution see revolution of October 1917

Octobrists, 16, 22, 25

Odessa, 102

Ogonëk (magazine), 449, 480

OGPU (United Main Political Administration): succeeds Cheka, 131; undermines Church, 135; and intelligentsia, 137; and industrial unrest, 144; and United Opposition, 161–2; and Stalin’s policies, 171; and Shakhty engineers, 175; suppresses industrial discontent, 184; acts against political opponents, 185, 188, 211; and Terror, 210; as power-base, 211; power diminished, 214; see also NKVD

oil: pre-World War I, 4; and foreign concessions, 121, 126; exports, 159, 466, 535; world price rise (1973), 399, 408; state subsidies for, 525; motive for attacking Chechnya, 533; after 1991, 536, 553, 561

Okhrana (political police), 17–18, 20–21, 38–9, 70, 72, 89

Okudzhava, Bulat, 365

Old Believers, 10, 135

Olympics, Beijing, 559

one-party state, 119, 123–4, 161, 169, 239, 406, 476, 485, 488, 553

‘oligarchs, the’, 532, 538, 548–9, 561, 563

‘Orange Revolution’ (Ukraine), 555

Ordzhonikidze, Sergo: beats up opponent, 152; and Stalin’s succeeding Lenin, 155; supports Stalin’s policies, 171, 175; and effects of forced collectivization, 181; protects managers and engineers, 194; Stalin attacks, 195, 211; conflict with Molotov, 213; challenges Stakhanovism, 217; isolation, 218–19; death, 219

Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC), 399

Orgburo, 111, 119

Orthodox Church: divisions in, 10–11; and national values, 10–11; avoids political involvement, 54; separated from state, 90, 94; resists communists, 93–4; persecuted, 116, 135–6, 203–5; and Russian identity, 134–5; and ‘Living Church’, 135; excluded from historical writings, 206; tolerated in World War II, 281–2; under German occupation, 287; Stalin subdues, 317; Khrushchëv attacks, 369; millennium, 476; restrictions relaxed under Gorbachëv, 476; under Yeltsin, 538, 544, 557

Osetiya, North and South, 521

Ostministerium (German), 287

Our Home’s Russia ( Nash Dom-Rossiya ; party), 530

Ovechkin, Valentin: Rural Daily Rounds , 320

Ozerlag, 329

Pakistan, 388

Pamyat (Russian organization), 458

parks, 191

participation, political, 406

partisans (World War II), 288–9, 298