Richard Rhodes - The Making of the Atomic Bomb

O’Keefe, Bernard J., 738–39

Okinawa, 687

Oliphant, Mark, 321, 351, 753

Chadwick and, 155, 165, 600–601

Frisch and, 318–19, 324–25, 329–30

isotope separation and, 339

Lawrence and, 360, 373, 377

military aspects of nuclear fission and, 372–74, 377, 382

Rutherford and, 38, 134–35, 229

Olympia, Operation, 641

“On element 93” (Noddack), 230–32

Onsager, L., 297

“On the alkaline-earth metals produced by the neutron bombardment of uranium and their behavior” (Hahn and Strassmann), 254–56, 260–62

“On the constitution of atoms and molecules” (Bohr), 60–70, 75–76, 83

“On the construction of a ‘super-bomb,’ based on a nuclear chain reaction in uranium” (Frisch and Peierls), 324–25

“On the decrease of entropy in a thermodynamic system by the intervention of intelligent beings” (Szilard), 19

“On the extension of phenomenological thermodynamics to fluctuation phenomena” (Szilard), 20

“On the quantum theory of continuous spectra” (Oppenheimer), 127

“On the quantum theory of the problem of the two bodies” (Oppenheimer), 127

“On the quantum theory of vibration-rotation bands” (Oppenheimer), 127

“On the question of unleashing chain reactions” (Houtermans), 371

“On the stability of Saturn’s rings” (Maxwell), 50

Open Conspiracy, The (Wells), 14, 24, 26, 637

Oppenheimer, Ella, 119–20, 125, 445

Oppenheimer, Frank, 119, 125–26, 127–28, 146, 150, 445, 572–73

Trinity and, 654, 663, 674–75, 677

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 59, 142–43

Abelson and, 552

administration of atomic bomb project and, 447–50, 523, 539–40, 565, 570–71

Alvarez and, 453–54, 467

anti-Semitism and, 445

appearance of, 121, 443–44, 661, 676

atomic bomb design and, 415–20, 447–49, 480

on atomic bomb vs. conventional bombs, 648

Bacher and, 549

background of, 119–127, 662

Bethe and, 415–16, 418, 420, 443–44, 447–48, 449, 453, 479, 511–12, 539–40, 546, 570, 572, 676

Bohr and, 114, 125, 127, 226, 229–30, 385, 484–85, 524–25, 532, 534, 537, 572–73, 644–45, 651, 752, 759–60

Born and, 126, 127

Bush and, 663

Chevalier and, 443–44

Communism and, 446, 448, 570–71, 606

Compton and, 383, 418–20

Conant and, 454, 548

Condon and, 468

Creutz test and, 662–63

critical-mass calculations of, 382, 487–88

fast-neutron studies and, 410–11, 420

Fermi and, 206–7, 444, 468, 510–11, 565

Frisch and, 614

government surveillance of, 570–71, 606

Groves and, 447–50, 454, 546, 548, 552–53, 571–72, 612, 655, 664, 676, 734–35

as humanist, 445–46

Hiroshima atomic bombing and, 734–35

hydrogen bomb and, 546, 563–64, 643

implosion experiments and, 542, 546, 548–49, 576–77, 612

Interim Committee and, 630, 641–47, 696

international control of atomic bomb and, 644–46

Kistiakowsky and, 542, 547, 576, 661–62, 675

Lawrence and, 143, 146–47, 149, 151, 381–82, 444–47, 750–52

limitations of, 149–50, 152

liquid thermal diffusion and, 552–53

Los Alamos and, 449, 450–54, 459–60, 464–65, 538–39, 549, 561, 565–67, 569–73

military aspects of nuclear fission and, 381–83, 642

Neddermeyer and, 467, 547

nuclear fission and, 274

on nuclear weapons policy, 534–35

ordnance and, 467, 476

Parsons and, 477, 552

Peierls and, 546

personality of, 444–45

political commitments of, 446

political implications of atomic bomb and, 641–42

quantum theory studied by, 124, 127

Rabi and, 149, 449, 452–53, 676

radioactive warfare and, 510–11

Roosevelt’s death and, 613–14

Rutherford and, 123, 125

Seaborg and, 410–11, 420

Segrè and, 444, 449

self-destructiveness of, 444

Serber and, 449

Site Y and, 450

Stimson and, 643, 645

surprise atomic attack and, 647

Szilard and, 641–42

Target Committee and, 630–32

Tatlock and, 446, 571

as teacher, 447

Teller and, 415, 417, 444, 449, 453–54, 511–12, 538–40, 546, 552, 570

thermonuclear reactions and, 418–19, 564

Tolman and, 563–64

Trinity and, 571–72, 652, 656–57, 659, 661–69, 674–77

Truman and, 690

on virtues and discipline, 150–51, 572–73

Oppenheimer, Julius, 119–20, 125, 445

Oppenheimer, Katherine (Toni), 567

Oppenheimer, Katherine Puening (Kitty), 381, 446, 567, 571

Osaka, 600

Õta, Yõko, 715, 717, 728, 732

Overlord, Operation, 500

Oxford University, 31, 41, 215, 222–24, 236, 339–40

Pacific Aviation Company, 589

Pacific theater:

air attacks approved for, 588–91

casualties in, 392, 520, 556, 595, 599–600, 687–88, 694–96

European theater vs., 517–20, 602

island war of, 554–56

Pact of Steel (1939), 309

Pais, Abraham, 54, 113, 152, 173

Pajarito Canyon field station, 540–41

Pale of Settlement, 179, 180–81

Pan American Scientific Congress (1940), 335, 374

Parsons, Martha Cluverius, 477, 571

Parsons, William S. (Deke):

B-29 crews briefed by, 700–701

background of, 477

blockbuster program and, 589–90, 591

Groves and, 477, 590, 591, 655

Kistiakowsky and, 542–43, 547, 549, 576

Kokura atomic bombing and, 737

Little Boy development and, 477–78, 549, 576–78

with Little Boy strike crew, 705–6, 708

Los Alamos and, 565

Neddermeyer and, 478, 479, 542–43

Oppenheimer and, 477, 552

Ramsey and, 481

Target Committee and, 630, 638

Trinity and, 700–701

particle acceleration, 138, 141, 145–48

Pash, Boris T., 605–7, 609–10

Pauli, Wolfgang, 126, 127, 149, 165, 185, 189, 200, 206, 208

Bohr and, 57, 116–17, 152

emigration of, 187–88

neutrino and, 233

Pauling, Linus, 189

Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 389–93

Pegram, George B., 264, 302, 316, 352

background of, 292–93

Compton and, 399

Fermi and, 293, 344, 396–97

Peierls, Genia, 322, 565, 568

Los Alamos and, 546, 565, 759

Peierls, Rudolf, 189, 282, 522

atomic bomb and, 321, 323–24, 367–68

critical-mass calculations of, 321–23, 335, 355

Frisch and, 321–25, 329–30, 339, 612

on gaseous-diffusion barriers, 495–96

Heisenberg and, 386

isotope separation and, 339

Oppenheimer and, 546

Pendergast, Tom, 636

Penney, William G., 522

Target Committee and, 626, 628, 677–78

Trinity and, 652–53, 677–78

People’s Will, The, 180

periodic table, 67–68, 83, 114–15

Perkin, William H., Jr., 87–88

Perrin, Francis, 321, 335, 344

Philosophical Magazine , 50–51

phosgene gas, 93–94

photoelectric effect, 70–71, 128, 363–64

photons, 363–64

“Physical evidence for the division of heavy nuclei under neutron bombardment” (Meitner and Frisch), 264

Physical Review , 141–42, 148, 287, 289–90, 293, 295, 300, 311, 327, 332–33, 346–47, 350, 501

physics:

chemistry linked to, 114–15, 123

definitions of, 33, 35, 77, 141

in U.S., 141–43, 151

Pioneer Regiment, Japanese, 734

Pisa, University of, 205–6

Placzek, George, 243, 262, 522

Bohr and, 282–84, 287

nuclear chain reaction and, 300

Planck, Max, 292–93, 345

atomic theory and, 30–31

Einstein and, 168, 172–73, 174

Meitner and, 79, 80, 250

radiation formula of, 70–71, 74, 129

Szilard and, 16–17, 70