Richard Rhodes - The Making of the Atomic Bomb

Munich crisis (1938), 244–46

Muroc Army Air Force Base, Calif., 582

Murphree, Eger V., 388, 553

Musashi aircraft engine factory, 588–89

Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, 41

Musil, Robert, 110

Mussolini, Benito, 128, 208, 240–42, 245–46, 482

mustard gas, 94, 100

Mutsuhito, Meiji Emperor of Japan, 712

Nabokov, Vladimir, 17

Nagaoka, Hantaro, 50–51, 458

Nagasaki:

atomic bombing of, 740

atomic bomb leaflets dropped on, 737

as atomic bomb target, 628, 689, 691, 700, 739–40

casualties in, 740–42

devastation of, 742

map of, 741

Tibbet’s role in atomic bombing of, 737–39

torpedo factory in, 393, 739

Nagasaki bomb, see Fat Man

Nagoya, fire raids on, 591, 600

Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 313, 401–2

National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 362–64, 368–69, 373

atomic bomb reports of, 365, 376, 382, 386–87, 405

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 365

National Bureau of Standards, U.S., 314, 338, 466

National Defense Research Council (NDRC), 336–38, 351, 357, 359–61, 365–69, 372, 374, 376–78, 394, 396, 505, 542

Nature , 23, 164, 202, 208–9, 213, 216, 221, 227, 230–31, 262, 264–66, 269, 273, 296, 405

Naturwissenschaften , 236, 248, 253–54, 260, 266, 270

Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory, U.S., 551

Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), U.S., 380, 507, 549–51

Naval Technological Research Institute, Japanese, 457–58

Navy, U.S., 594–95, 597–98, 737

Navy Bureau of Ordnance, U.S., 552

Navy Department, U.S., 294–95, 300–301, 303, 390

Nazi Party, 175, 482–83

Neddermeyer, Seth:

Alvarez and, 547

implosion experiments of, 478–80, 540, 541–45, 547, 573

Kistiakowsky and, 542–43, 545, 547

lens formulation and, 545

Los Alamos and, 478–80, 540, 542–45, 547

McMillan and, 478–79

Manley and, 467

Neumann and, 479–80, 540

Oppenheimer and, 467, 547

ordnance and, 466–67, 478–80

Parsons and, 478, 479, 542–43

Nelson, Donald, 427

Nelson, Richard R., 704

Nelson College, 36

neptunium, 350, 351, 353–54

Nernst, Walther, 222

Netherlands, 341

Neumann, John von:

background of, 105, 106–9, 111–13, 126

Bethe and, 575

emigration of, 187, 196

implosion theory and, 479–80, 540, 541–42, 544–45

Kistiakowsky and, 542

lens formulations by, 545, 575–76

Los Alamos and, 479–80, 540, 541, 544–45, 566

Neddermeyer and, 479–80, 540

Target Committee and, 626, 628

Teller and, 480

Ulam and, 107, 112–13, 543–44

Wigner and, 108–9, 196

Neumann, Max von, 105, 111–12

neutrinos, 233

“Neutron capture and nuclear constitution” (Bohr), 227–28

neutron multiplication experiments, 343–44

“Neutron production and absorption in uranium” (Anderson, Fermi, and Szilard), 300

neutrons, 24, 27

Chadwick’s research on, 23, 153–58, 160–67, 578, 668

nuclear bombardment with, 208–13, 216–20, 226–27, 231, 349

nuclear capture of, 226–27, 282–83, 286–87

Rutherford’s research on, 153–58, 162, 164

Szilard on, 28, 300

uranium’s release of, 280–81, 288–93, 298, 300, 343–44

New Deal, 525, 619

Newton, Isaac, 29–30, 39, 65, 168, 230

New York Times , 273, 297, 706

New Zealand, University of, 36

Next of Kin , 429

Nicholas I, Czar of Russia, 179

Nichols, Kenneth D., 429, 490, 548, 610

Groves and, 426–27

Nicholson, J. W., 72

Nielsen, J. Rud, 64

Nier, Alfred O. C., 285, 297–98, 347

gaseous-diffusion plants and, 494, 602

isotope-separation experiments of, 317, 332–33, 360

Niigata, as atomic bomb target, 632, 639, 689, 691, 700

Nimitz, Chester, 554, 679

Ninth Army, U.S., 608

Nishina, Yoshio, 346, 457–59

gaseous thermal diffusion experiments of, 580–82, 612

Nobel, Alfred, 676

Nobel Prize winners, 45, 66, 69–71, 82, 93, 106, 114, 123, 126, 129, 141, 147, 150, 168, 170, 174, 185, 191, 201–2, 205, 222, 236, 243–44, 248–50, 252, 266, 270, 273, 279, 293, 295, 329, 331, 344, 351, 358, 363, 366, 380, 415, 636, 642, 668

Nobuuji, Major General, 580–82

Noddack, Ida, 230–32

Norden bombsight, 585, 709

Norris, Edward, 494, 495–96

Norstad, Lauris, 591–92, 597, 600

Norway, 256, 328–29, 455–57, 513–17

Notes by a Naturalist on the ‘Challenger’ (Moseley), 82

Np238, 353

Np239, 354

nuclear chain reactions, 28

Herbert Anderson and, 280–81, 288, 291, 298–301, 333–34, 394–97, 399

balloon-cloth enclosures for, 429, 433, 435

boron trifluoride counter for, 434, 436–38

control rods used for, 429, 432–33

Einstein and, 297, 305–8, 312–13

experiments for control of, 395–97, 438–40

Fermi and, 280–81, 289 n , 290–91, 295–96, 298–303, 317, 331, 333–34, 338, 345, 365, 394

Frisch and, 320, 322–24

Germany’s research in, 371, 383–86, 609–10

with graphite moderation, 301–3, 315–17, 331, 333–34, 338, 344, 380 n , 394–98, 400–401, 429–31, 433

with heavy-water moderation, 311–12, 326–27, 329, 331, 344, 346, 359, 371, 385, 405, 416–21, 512–17, 523–24, 609–10

military applications for, 394, 442

pile studies for, 395–401, 407, 411–12, 416, 422, 428–42, 462

Placzek and, 300

reproduction factor k for, 393, 401, 428–29, 432, 434–36, 439–40, 462

Roosevelt and, 306–9, 313, 317

secrecy of, 279–82, 290, 293–95, 345, 350

Szilard on, 28, 203–4, 214–16, 221–25, 246–47, 254, 279–82, 289, 291–92, 298–308, 315–17, 331, 334, 338, 344, 394, 397, 442

Teller and, 289–301, 315–17

Wigner and, 303–4, 305, 308, 315

nuclear fission, 274–75, 294–96

Herbert Anderson and, 269–70, 273

Bohr and, 264–71, 273, 284–88, 297, 311, 319–20, 323, 347, 384–85, 432

Fermi and, 267–69, 271, 273, 280–81, 288, 291, 293–96

Frisch-Meitner explanation of, 258–65, 269–71, 273, 286

Germany’s research in, 296, 301, 303, 311–12, 326–27, 329–31, 341, 343–46, 350, 402

Hahn-Strassmann experiments and, 234, 247–48, 251–55, 257–58, 262, 266–67, 270

Joliot-Curies and, 271, 290, 296

McMillan’s experiments on, 348–50, 351

military aspects of, 303–9, 312–17, 329–33, 336–41, 343, 345–46, 350–51, 357, 359–63, 365–70, 371–89, 398, 402–7, 411–13, 642

Oppenheimer and, 274

Roberts and, 283–84, 287, 289–90, 295, 315–16, 432

spontaneous, 501, 540–41, 548

Szilard and, 267–68, 271, 287

Turner and, 346–47, 350

uranium and, 258–67, 269, 274, 282–88

Wigner and, 265–66, 293–94

nuclear physics, 23–26, 81, 395

nuclear weapons policy, 378–79

Bohr and, 525–38

Opphenheimer on, 534–35

nucleons, 227

nucleus, 50, 66, 135, 137–40, 153, 204

Bohr’s liquid-drop model of, 227–28, 232, 258, 282, 284, 287

Gamow’s model of, 228 n

neutron bombardment of, 208–13, 216–20, 226–27, 231, 349

neutron capture by, 226–27, 282–83, 286–87

Oak Ridge, 546

construction of, 486–87

Groves and, 427–28, 486, 601

mud at, 600

X-10 pile of, 547–48, 579

see also Clinton Engineer Works

Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 365–66, 369, 377, 379, 408–9, 412, 423–24, 504, 605

S-1 program of, 397–98, 420–21, 425, 442, 510