Christopher Andrew - The Sword and the Shield

19. vol. 10, ch. 3.

20. k-27,370

21. Scammell (ed.), The Solzhenitsyn Files, pp. xxv, 7, 41. This important collection of documents on “the Solzhenitsyn case,” declassified by order of President Yeltsin in 1992, includes a number of KGB reports to the Central Committee and Politburo but not the KGB operational files to which Mitrokhin had access.

22. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 487-8.

23. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 492.

24. Scammell (ed.), The Solzhenitsyn Files, pp. 138-41.

25. Scammell (ed.), The Solzhenitsyn Files, pp. xxix, 161-3.

26. Andropov instituted judicial proceedings against Shchelokov in December 1982, only a month after Brezhnev’s death. Two years later, before his case had come to trial, Shchelokov committed suicide. Volkogonov, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire, pp. 330, 348.

27. Scammell (ed.), The Solzhenitsyn Files, pp. 194-210.

28. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn, p. 615.

29. k-21,30.

30. k-21,17; vol. 6, ch. 5, part 4. The spelling of Boucaut in the Roman alphabet is uncertain; it appears in Cyrillic transliteration as “Buko.” Mitrokhin’s notes do not identify Nikashin’s first name and patronymic.

31. k-21,114.

32. Sakharov, Memoirs, pp. 359, 369-70; Grigorenko, Memoirs, pp. 387-8.

33. Article by G. Kizlych and P. Aleksandrov on the Yakir and Krasin cases in the classified in-house quarterly, KGB Sbornik, no. 73; k-25,124.

34. vol. 10, ch. 5.

35. Protocols of Krasin’s interrogation; vol. 10, ch. 5.

36. On Savinkov, see above, chapter 2.

37. Article by G. Kizlych and P. Aleksandrov on the Yakir and Krasin cases in the classified in-house quarterly, KGB Sbornik, no. 73; k-25,124.

38. vol. 10, ch. 5.

39. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn, p. 807; Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, p. 522.

40. Grigorenko, Memoirs, p. 388.

41. Article by G. Kizlych and P. Aleksandrov on the Yakir and Krasin cases in the classified in-house quarterly, KGB Sbornik, no. 73; k-25,124.

42. Sakharov, Sakharov Speaks, pp. 212-15.

43. Scammell (ed.), The Solzhenitsyn Files, pp. 256-74, 340-6, 350-3.

44. Solzhenitsyn describes his forced departure from Russia in The Oak and the Calf, pp. 383-453.

45. k-21,123.

46. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn, p. 886. Though the woman who came to Solzhenitsyn’s door on his first day in Zurich has never been identified, her Russian origins and the fact that within a few weeks, if not days, Valentina Holubová had established herself as his secretary and assistant make it probable that she was the caller. It is unlikely that a genuine native of Ryazan had tracked him down so rapidly. In reality, Holubová came not from Ryazan but from Vladivostok (k-21,123).

47. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn, p. 886. The fact that Dr. Frantiˇsek Holub was, like his wife, working for the StB, is implied rather than specifically stated in Mitrokhin’s notes. For example, he records that the Holubs jointly recommended to Solzhenitsyn another StB officer posing as a Czech dissident, Tomáš Řezáč (k-21,123). It is inconceivable that the StB or the KGB would have allowed a husband and wife team to operate in this way unless both were working for them.

48. k-21,123,124. On Solzhenitsyn’s first meeting with Krause, see Scammell, Solzhenitsyn, p. 886.

49. See above, chapters 2, 5.

50. k-21,124.

51. Scammell (ed.), The Solzhenitsyn Files, pp. 387-90.

52. k-21,25.

53. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn, pp. 887-8, 890-3, 987-90; Scammell (ed.), The Solzhenitsyn Files, pp. 431-2, 451-3. Rezác’s scurrilous volume, The Spiral of Solzhenitsyn’s Betrayal, described by the author as “an autopsy of the corpse of a traitor,” appeared in Italian in 1977 and Russian in the following year, but failed to find a British or American publisher. While in Russia, Rezác also interviewed Sahkarov, who was unaware of his background (Sakharov, Memoirs, p. 591).

54. k-21,25.

55. Sakharov, Memoirs, p. 428.

56. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn, p. 890.

57. k-3(b),27. Mitrokhin copied or noted sections 1-5, 8, 9, 11, 16-19 of the 19-point “plan of agent operational measures.”

58. k-3(b),27.

59. k-25,212.

60. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn, p. 955.

61. vol. 6, ch. 8, part 6.

62. k-25,29.

63. There is a vivid description of Solzhenitsyn’s address and its reception in Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, pp. 460-3.

64. k-25,29. The New York Times and the Washington Post comments on the Harvard Address are quoted in Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, p. 462.

1. Dobrynin, In Confidence, pp. 346, 390.

2. k-21, 16.

3. Sakharov, Memoirs, p. 429. The Nobel Peace Prize, presented in Oslo, is awarded by the Nobel Committee appointed by the Norwegian parliament. The other Nobel prizes, presented in Stockholm, are awarded by Swedish committees.

4. k-21, 69. Before being passed for signature to Kryuchkov, head of the FCD, and Andropov, this document (reference no. 155/2422) was initialed by B. S. Ivanov, Kryuchkov’s deputy, Oleg Kalugin, head of Counter-intelligence, and V.P. Ivanov of Section A. The alleged “criminals” who supported Sakharov were mostly, if not entirely, dissidents sentenced on trumped-up charges.

5. On the fabricated KGB claim that Sakharov supported the Pinochet regime, see Sakharov, Memoirs, pp. 389, 426.

6. k-21, 64.

7. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn, p. 893.

8. vol. 6, ch. 8, part 6.

9. Kalugin, Spymaster, pp. 260-1.

10. k-21, 104.

11. k-21, 104.

12. Sakharov, Memoirs, pp. 585-92. On the KGB’s use of Yakovlev to attack Solzhenitsyn, see Scammell (ed.), The Solzhenitsyn Files, pp. 394, 398, 409, 426-30.

13. k-21, 1. Cf. Bonner, Alone Together, p. 46. YAK was used for a variety of active measures. One of the files noted by Mitrokhin records that in 1976 he was paid 500 dollars (probably per month). The same file records that Russkiy Golos had a circulation of only 1,500. k-21,106.

14. k-21, 1. Bonner, Alone Together, pp. 37-8.

15. “CHI E” ELENA BONNER? Artifice di piu assassinii la moglie dell “accademico Sakharov,” Sette Giorni (April 12, 1980). Cf. Bonner, Alone Together, pp. 31-2.

16. k-21, 104. Cf. Bonner, Alone Together, pp. 37-8.

17. k-6, 114; k-21, 1, 105.

18. “CHI E” ELENA BONNER? Artifice di piu assassinii la moglie dell “accademico Sakharov,” Sette Giorni (April 12, 1980). k-21, 1, 82.

19. k-21, 1, 105; k-6, 114. Sette Giorni also published an attack on Solzhenitsyn, based on an interview with his first wife (k-21, 82).

20. k-21, 82.

21. k-21, 104.

22. k-21, 104.

23. Bonner, Alone Together, p. 30.

24. Bethell, Spies and Other Secrets, p. 73.

25. Memorandum by Andropov and State Prosecutor Rudenko, no. 123-A (January 21, 1977); Albats, The State within a State, pp. 178-9.

26. k-21, 153.

27. Bethell, Spies and Other Secrets, pp. 98-9.

28. The sentence was thirteen years. Shcharansky, Fear No Evil, pp. 205-6, 224-5.

29. k-21, 157, 159.

30. k-21, 164.

31. k-21, 156. Makarov was informed that the file recording the residency’s success in preventing the award of the prize to Orlov had been passed to Andropov.

32. k-1, 98.