Christopher Andrew - The Sword and the Shield

21. The training was authorized by Politburo decision no. SG 143/8 GS of January 17, 1979. k-26,2.

22. Childs and Popplewell, The Stasi, p. 138.

23. k-26, 158.

24. Ginsborg, A History of Contemporary Italy, 1943-1988, pp. 384-5.

25. k-26, 158.

26. The PCI decision to dismantle the radio stations was reported by Kryuchkov to Ponomarev, head of the Central Committee International Department, in a communication of June 22, 1981, published in the Italian press in 1998. “Servizio segreto,” L’Avanti (May 16, 1998).

27. Urban, Moscow and the Italian Communist Party, ch. 9; Cossutta, Lo strappo; “Cossutta Sempre Più Isolato,” La Repubblica (January 2, 1982).

28. Hellman, “The Difficult Birth of the Democratic Party of the Left,” p. 81.

29. Though details of the payments to Cossutta and other “healthy forces in the PCI” were passed by Moscow to the Rome Prosecutor’s Office in 1992, they were not made public until 1998. “Pci, ecco le ricevute dei miliardi di Mosca,” Il Giorno (April 30, 1998); “Ecco la Tangentopoli rossa,” Il Tempo (April 30, 1998).

30. t-7, 12.

31. Pike, In the Service of Stalin, p. 49; Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, p. 535.

32. Mujal-León, Communism and Political Change in Spain, pp. 107-9. After their expulsion, Gómez, García and Líster went on to found unsuccessful pro-Soviet splinter groups. Cf. k-3,12.

33. k-3, 16.

34. Mujal-León, Communism and Political Change in Spain, ch. 6.

35. k-2, 65; k-3, 13, 15, 22; k-26, 410.

36. k-3, 18.

37. Mujal-León, Communism and Political Change in Spain, pp. 126-7.

38. k-3, 17.

39. Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, p. 9.

40. Mujal-León, Communism and Political Change in Spain, pp. 127-31.

41. k-3, 20.

42. k-5, 879.

43. k-26, 406.

44. In January, October and December 1980, Gallego was given payments of 10,000 dollars by the Madrid residency. k-26, 405.

45. k-26, 407.

46. The anti-Eurocommunist Catalan Communist Party, the PSUC (Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya), split away from the PCE.

47. Krasikov, From Dictatorship to Democracy, p. 188. His book, originally published in Russian as Ispanskii Reportazh, was translated into a number of languages.

48. k-3, 98.

49. Urban, Moscow and the Italian Communist Party, pp. 337-8.

50. Bell and Criddle, The French Communist Party in the Fifth Republic, pp. 19-20; Roy, Somme tout, pp. 156-7.

51. k-3, 65, 115; k-8, 182.

52. Bell and Criddle, The French Communist Party in the Fifth Republic, p. 240.

53. k-3, 140.

54. See below, chapter 27.

55. k-3, 140.

56. k-3, 140.

57. Adereth, The French Communist Party, pp. 208-13.

58. The text of the letters was later published in Cahiers du Communisme (October 1991).

59. k-8, 148.

60. Bell and Criddle, The French Communist Party in the Fifth Republic, pp. 153-4, 164-5.

61. k-3, 123.

62. k-3, 140.

63. L’Express (July 27, 1970).

64. k-3, 140.

65. Robrieux, Histoire intérieure du Parti communiste, vol. 2, pp. 657-65; vol. 3, pp. 344-5, 406-14.

66. Bell and Criddle, The French Communist Party in the Fifth Republic, pp. 154-6, 217-30. Though the Socialists won an overall majority at the 1981 legislative elections and did not depend on PCF support, four Communist ministers served in a Socialist-dominated coalition until 1984.

67. Urban (ed.), Moscow and the Global Left in the Gorbachev Era, pp. 5, 52-3.

68. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p. 75.

69. Urban (ed.), Moscow and the Global Left in the Gorbachev Era, ch. 2. While Gorbachev was publicly aligning himself with the PCI’s reformist leadership, however, the International Department continued to subsidize the PCI old guard until 1987. In 1989 the PCI, led since 1988 by Achille Ochetto, changed its name to the PDS (Partito Democratico della Sinistra), the Democratic Party of the Left. A breakaway movement established itself in 1991 as the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista.

70. In 1987 the PCE, Gallego’s PCPE, the Progressive Federation (founded by another former PCE member, Ramón Tamames), Pasoc (a breakaway Socialist group) and a number of independents combined to form the Izquierdo Unida; the PCE accounted for about two-thirds of the total membership.

71. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p. 116; Grachev, Kremlevskaya Khronika, p. 247.

72. Marchais’s message was delivered by Gaston Plissonnier, who for the past twenty years had been the French conduit for the secret subsidies to the PCF. Dobrynin to Gorbachev (June 20, 1987); text in Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevsky Zagovor, appendix.

73. Politburo decision of July 3, 1987, in Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevsky Zagovor, appendix. Between 1981 and 1991 subsidies to the PCF totaled about 24 million dollars. Burke, “Recently Released Material on Soviet Intelligence Operations,” p. 246; Albats, The State within a State, p. 222.

74. Haynes and Klehr, “‘Moscow Gold,’ Confirmed at Last?”, p. 283.

75. Hellman, “The Difficult Birth of the Democratic Party of the Left,” p. 81.

1. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn, p. 551.

2. vol. 10, ch. 3.

3. Labedz and Hayward (eds.), On Trial, p. 91.

4. vol. 10, ch. 3.

5. vol. 10, ch. 3. Cf. Zamoyska, “Sinyavsky, the Man and the Writer,” p. 61.

6. vol. 10, ch. 3.

7. Aucouturier, “Andrey Sinyavsky on the Eve of His Arrest,” p. 344.

8. Geli Fyoderovich Vasiliev, codenamed MIKHAILOV, had worked abroad as an illegal under the name Rudolf Steiner in Austria and Latin America. On returning to Moscow, apparently unable to stand the strain of life as an illegal, he began work in the Novosti Press Agency (k-16,446). Though the probability is that Vasilyev was the stoolpigeon placed in Sinyavsky’s cell, it is just possible that the KGB used another agent with the same codename—though there is no identifiable record of such an agent in Mitrokhin’s notes.

9. vol. 10, ch. 3.

10. vol. 10, ch. 3.

11. Mitrokhin’s notes record simply that Remizov gave his interrogators “evidence against Sinyavsky.” At the trial this evidence included an admission that he had delivered one of Sinyavsky’s manuscripts to Hélène Zamoyska. Labedz and Hayward (eds.), On Trial, p. 153.

12. vol. 10, ch. 3.

13. Labedz and Hayward (eds.), On Trial, p. 306.

14. Labedz and Hayward (eds.), On Trial, pp. 196, 198, 209.

15. Asked if he had sent his manuscripts abroad “illegally,” Sinyavsky replied, “No, unofficially.” Sending manuscripts abroad was not illegal. But in his final address, the state prosecutor again claimed—inaccurately—that the defendants had sent their manuscripts to the West “illegally.” Labedz and Hayward (eds.), On Trial, pp. 185, 308.

16. Labedz and Hayward (eds.), On Trial, pp. 253-4.

17. vol. 10, ch. 3; vol. 7, nzch. TANOV later took part in PROGRESS operations in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, using Austrian and forged Canadian passports, and carried out other intelligence assignments in Pakistan, India, France, the Lebanon, Syria, Kuwait and Spain. In 1982 he was recalled to Moscow on the grounds that he was producing little intelligence and had greatly overspent his budget (vol. 3, pakapp. 3).

18. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn, pp. 614-16.