Christopher Andrew - The Sword and the Shield

11. k-10,109. See below chapter 18.

12. k-7,4,193; k-16,338,419; k-18,153; k-20,94.

13. Cronin, Great Power Politics and the Struggle over Austria, chs. 1-4; Barker, Austria 1918-1972, part 3.

14. Barker, Austria 1918-1972, p. 178.

15. k-18,52.

16. k-18,52.

17. k-16,214,216; vol. 5, sect. 6, paras. 5,6 and n.

18. k-14,722; k-2,175; t-7,1.

19. k-2,81,145,150.

20. k-13,55,61.

21. t-7,1.

22. The SKP fought elections as part of the Suomen Kansan Demokraattinen Liitto (SKDL), mainly composed of Communists and fellow travelers.

23. Zubok and Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War, pp. 118-19, 131-2.

24. Mitrokhin’s notes unfortunately contain nothing on the Communist role in the post-war coalition governments and little on Finland before the Brezhnev era. Given the willing assistance given to the KGB by the SVK chairman (later honorary chairman), Ville Pessi, in the 1970s (k-26,191,211,228), it is scarcely conceivable that such assistance was not forthcoming earlier. Pessi was already a powerful figure as SVK secretary after the Second World War. The earliest post-war example of SVK assistance to Soviet intelligence operations noted by Mitrokhin was the help given in 1949-51 to the illegal VIK in adopting the identity of the Finn Eugene Maki. The first KGB agent in the Finnish police force referred to in Mitrokhin’s notes is ZVEN, a CID officer recruited in 1959 (k-5,309).

25. Upton, The Communist Parties of Scandinavia and Finland, part 2, chs. 6, 7. Upton quotes from one of the few surviving copies of Leino’s 1958 memoirs, Kommunisti sisäministerinä, withdrawn on the eve of publication.

26. Upton, The Communist Parties of Scandinavia and Finland, p. 405.

27. See above, chapter 7.

28. Klehr and Haynes, The American Communist Movement, ch. 4. This admirable volume omits the role of the undeclared Party members after 1958.

29. See above, chapter 10.

30. See below, chapter 24.

31. Mitrokhin’s notes give the names of two Canadians who assisted in obtaining the passport in the name of “Robert Callan,” no. 4-716255. The Centre also doctored a genuine Canadian passport, no. 4-428012, in the name of Vasili Dzogola (?Dzogol), inserting a photograph of “Abel” and changing the eye color and other particulars to match his. Because of “Abel’s” arrest, this passport too was never used. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 2.

32. k-27,451.

33. k-3,122.

34. Since non-Soviet citizens could not normally qualify for officer status in the KGB, it was intended that the new recruits should become illegal agents rather than illegal officers.

35. k-26,331.

36. k-26,332.

37. k-26,333.

38. k-3,65,115; k-8,182.

39. k-26,327.

40. vol. 8, ch. 13. Mitrokhin’s note on the meeting with Kashtan does not say explicitly that he was asked to talent-spot illegal agents. Given the previous role of the CPC in helping to fabricate illegals’ legends, however, it is barely conceivable that Kashtan, unlike the other Western Communist leaders mentioned in the files noted by Mitrokhin, was asked to recommend only conventional agents.

41. k-26,217.

42. KGB Chairman’s Decree no. 0099/OV of August 7, 1972, entitled “Measures for the Further Activation of Illegals Intelligence Activity and Increasing Its Role in the Foreign-Political Intelligence System of the KGB Under the USSR Council of Ministers,” envisaged the recruitment of illegal agents recommended by the Communist Parties of the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina for operations in North America; by the Communist Parties of Belgium, Britain, France, the FRG and Spain for operations in Europe; by the Communist Party of Japan for operations in Asia; and by the Communist Party of Israel for operations in the Middle East. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 4.

43. k-26,227.

44. k-26,94-5,308.

45. Soares, Portugal’s Struggle for Liberation, p. 24.

46. k-26,108. In Angola, once the richest of Portugal’s colonies, the end of Portuguese rule was followed in 1975 by full-scale civil war between the Marxist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the rival, non-Marxist FNLA and UNITA. Cunhal also promised “to do everything possible to give assistance to the MPLA, including using illegal channels to send people drawn from among experienced military cadres,” though the PCP’s assistance was dwarfed by that from the Soviet Union and Cuba. k-26,205,209.

47. Maxwell, The Making of Portuguese Democracy, pp. 69-70. According to Maxwell, the PIDE/DGS archives also revealed that “the PCP had some embarrassing skeletons of its own, not least the secret police informers within its own ranks.”

48. k-26,4.

49. k-26,4. For examples of PIDE/DGS documents which appeared in the press, probably as a result of KGB active measures, see Maxwell, The Making of Portuguese Democracy, p. 70. Mitrokhin’s notes give no details of these active measures. In 1994 the PIDE/DGS archive was opened to researchers, subject to a series of restrictions, at the Lisbon National Archive.

50. Maxwell, The Making of Portuguese Democracy, chs. 7-9.

51. Recruitment leads from the PCP leadership during the mid- and late 1970s included: the government lawyers BORETS and ZNATOK (k-16,180,182); the trade union lawyer ZHAK (k-16,179); MARAT, a registrar of births, deaths and marriages who was able to provide documentation for illegals (k-18,345); KAREKA, a newspaper editor used for active measures from 1977 to 1982 (k-14,272); and EMIL, a journalist with the ANOP agency (k-14,404). Some of the other Portuguese cultivations, agents and confidential contacts of which details are given in Mitrokhin’s notes probably also stemmed from PCP leads.

52. k-18,345. Cf. k-26,210.

53. Pessi had further discussions on agent recruitment in both Moscow and Helsinki during 1978 and 1979; k-26,211,228,191.

54. k-8,79. Mitrokhin identifies the Dublin resident only by his codename KAVERIN; his real name (Shadrin) is given in Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, appendix D3.

55. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, pp. 53-6. Kryuchkov’s circular to residencies of April 6, 1978 referred to previous circulars of March 28, 1975 and June 17, 1976, apparently written in similar vein.

56. k-19,7. The main Asian Communist Parties mentioned in Mitrokhin’s notes as taking part in the recruiting drive were those of the Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan and Japan. KGB relations with Third World Communist Parties will be covered in more detail in Volume 2.

57. It is possible, however, that a latter-day Sorge remains concealed in a file not seen by Mitrokhin. It is also possible that one or more of the recruits of the 1970s and early 1980s developed into an illegal of major importance after Mitrokhin ceased to have access to the files.

58. k-27,99. Mitrokhin’s notes give Maria’s full name, but it seems unfair to identify her.

59. k-14,519; k-18,409. Mitrokhin’s notes reveal the identity of LIMB, DANA and MARCEL.

60. See below, chapter 18.

61. The FCD communication to Ponomarev of October 20, 1980 was numbered 2192-A/OV. The basic subsidy paid to Kashtan in the late 1970s was 150,000 US dollars, paid in two annual installments, with some supplements. By the 1980s the CPC had a membership of only about 4,000, and was thus receiving a subsidy of about $40 dollars per member. Subsidies were also paid to the Canada-USSR and Quebec-USSR Societies, and to the Severny Sosed (“Northern Neighbour”) journal. In addition, subsidies were sometimes channeled through the CPC to the Haitian Communists, and perhaps other Parties. vol. 8, ch. 13.